Tensile failure associated with buckle folding is commonly associated to the distribution of outer arc extension but has also been observed on fold limbs. This study investigates whether tensile stresses and associated failure can be explained by the process of buckling under realistic in situ stress conditions. A 2‐D plane strain finite element modeling approach is used to study single‐layer buckle folds with a Maxwell viscoelastic rheology. A variety of material parameters are considered and their influence on the initiation of tensile stresses during the various stages of deformation is analyzed. It is concluded that the buckling process determines the strain distribution within the fold layer but is not solely responsible for the initiation of tensile stresses. The modeling results show that tensile stresses are most dependent on the permeability, viscosity, and overburden thickness. Low permeability (<10−19 m2), high viscosity (≥1021 Pa s), and low overburden pressure can explain tensile failure at the fold hinge. Tensile stresses in the limb of the fold cannot (in general) be explained by buckling. Rather, it develops due to a combination of compression and erosional unloading. The modeling results show that erosion of high permeability rocks can explain the generation of tensile stresses at significant depths (∼2 km) both at the hinge of the fold and throughout the limb of the fold. This study shows that tensile stresses and associated failure within buckle folds is directly dependent on the distribution of material parameters but moreover to the strain history of the geologic system.

Andreas Eckert

Peter Connolly

Xiaolong Liu

Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems

地球化学、地球物理学、地球系统 (G3) 发表关于地球和行星过程的研究论文，重点是了解地球作为一个系统。欢迎在所有空间和时间尺度上对固体地球、水圈、大气、生物圈和太阳系进行观测、实验和理论研究。文章应具有广泛的兴趣，并鼓励跨学科的方法。该同行评审期刊的兴趣领域包括但不限于：地球的物理和化学，包括其结构、组成、物理性质、动力学和演化地球化学代用物研究地球历史的原理和应用地球主要储层的物理性质、组成和时间演化以及它们之间的耦合所有空间和时间尺度上地球化学和生物地球化学循环的动力学对组成的物理和宇宙化学约束，地球和其他类地行星的起源和演化与地球和行星的形成、演化和当前状态相关的太阳系材料的化学和物理学地球科学。

The journal 'Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems' publishes research papers on Earth and planetary processes, focusing on understanding the Earth as a system. We welcome observational, experimental, and theoretical studies of the solid Earth, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere, and the solar system across all spatial and temporal scales. Articles should be of broad interest and encourage interdisciplinary approaches. This peer-reviewed journal covers areas of interest including, but not limited to: the physical and chemical properties of the Earth, including its structure, composition, physical properties, dynamics, and evolution; principles and applications of geochemical proxies; physical properties, composition, and temporal evolution of major Earth reservoirs and their coupling; dynamics of geochemical and biogeochemical cycles at all spatial and temporal scales; physical and cosmochemical constraints on composition; origins and evolution of the Earth and other terrestrial planets; chemistry and physics of solar system materials related to the formation, evolution, and current state of the Earth and planets; and other relevant fields of Earth science.

《Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems》期刊发表关于地球和行星过程的研究论文，重点在于理解地球作为一个系统。我们欢迎对固体地球、水圈、大气、生物圈和太阳系进行的观察、实验和理论研究，涵盖所有空间和时间尺度。文章应具有广泛的兴趣，并鼓励跨学科的方法。该同行评审期刊的研究领域包括但不限于：地球的物理和化学特性，包括其结构、组成、物理性质、动力学和演化；地球化学代用物研究的原理和应用；地球主要储层的物理性质、组成和时间演化，以及它们之间的耦合；在所有空间和时间尺度上，地球化学和生物地球化学循环的动力学；对组成的物理和宇宙化学约束；地球和其他类地行星的起源和演化；与地球和行星的形成、演化及当前状态相关的太阳系材料的化学和物理学；以及地球科学的其他相关领域。

Category	Quartile
地球科学	2
地球科学, 地球化学与地球物理	2

Large-scale mechanical buckle fold development and the initiation of tensile fractures

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Journal Info

Category	Quartile
GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS	2