The Italian health system has changed its welfare model three times over the course of its 160-year existence. From a form of "residual welfare" during the liberal period (1861-1921), it became "meritocratic welfare" during the fascist period (1922-1943) and in the years of the first republic (1945-1977). Finally, in 1978, the "universalistic institutional" model of health protection was approved. For a long time, therefore, the main responsibility for citizens’ well-being was attributed to families, to the Catholic Church and its welfare networks, to entrepreneurial paternalism, and to the different health insurance institutions associated with employment sectors. Only with Law 833, which established the National Health Service (NHS), did the State recognise full and direct responsibility for citizens’ health. This paper describes the complex path that led to the establishment of the Italian NHS, highlighting the diversity of the actors involved, the multiplicity of their social and health claims, the configuration of the public health service designed in the 1960s, and the political and social conditions that led to the effective enactment of Law 833. On the whole, it was a long, non-linear path with various barriers, where the conditions of implementation were determined by the particularity of the Italian political, economic, and social events that characterised the 1970s.

Giovanna Vicarelli

Dynamis

DYNAMIS 是一本致力于医学、健康和科学史的国际期刊，创刊于 1981 年，特别关注新颖和跨学科的史学观点。它以欧盟语言提供原创的、经过双重同行评审的研究（文章、笔记或文件）和评论。

Dynamis is an international journal dedicated to the history of medicine, health, and science, founded in 1981. It particularly focuses on novel and interdisciplinary historical perspectives. Dynamis publishes original, peer-reviewed research articles, notes, and reviews in EU languages.

Dynamis 是一本专注于医学、健康和科学史的国际期刊，创刊于1981年。该期刊特别关注新颖和跨学科的历史研究视角。Dynamis 提供原创的、经过双重同行评审的研究文章、笔记和评论，内容以欧盟语言发布。

Category	Quartile
哲学	4
哲学, 科学史与科学哲学	4

The creation of the National Health System in Italy (1961-1978)

ivySCI AI Smartly Parses PDF, Answers Researchers' Questions, and Helps You Understand Papers in Seconds

Journal Info

Category	Quartile
HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE	3