This paper establishes the theory and an efficient spreadsheet procedure for direct minimization of squared residuals using the idea of an expanding ellipsoid and Excel’s generalized reduced gradient (GRG) solver. Not requiring any series expansion or programming, the new approach makes least-squares traverse adjustment as easy to apply as the popular Bowditch method, yet restores full mathematical rigor.

Thomas W.C. Hu

Efficient least squares traverse adjustment using spreadsheets

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