Within a practical course of cytotaxonomy organized in Pisa (Italy) on February 2024 by the Group for Floristics, Systematics and Evolution of the Italian Botanical Society, we tested whether using image analysis softwares possible biases are still introduced by different observers. We conclude that observer bias selectively applies in possibly overestimating the length of short arms in a karyotype. As a consequence, the parameters most sensitive to these possible errors are CV CI and CV CL , and to a less degree M CA and THL. To achieve more stable results among observers, a still lacking standardized measurement protocol could be helpful.

Lorenzo Peruzzi

Jacopo Franzoni

Manuel Tiburtini

Emanuela Abidi

Emiliano Alù

Giulio Barone

Elisabetta Bianchi

Chiara Cataudella

Emanuela Di Iorio

Maria Guerrina

Fabio Mondello

Luca Paino

Mario Pentassuglia

Manuela Porrovecchio

Giovanni Rivieccio

Eugenia Siccardi

Adriano Stinca

Alessio Tei

Virginia Volanti

Antonio Giacò

Comparative Cytogenetics

比较细胞遗传学是一本同行评议、开放获取、快速在线期刊，旨在加速植物和动物细胞遗传学、核系统学和分子系统学的各个方面的研究。所有发表的论文都可以免费复制、下载、打印和分发为读者。因此，鼓励作者将已发表论文的 PDF 文件张贴在其主页或其他地方，以加快分发速度。颜色不收费。

Comparative Cytogenetics is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal aimed at accelerating research in various aspects of plant and animal cytogenetics, nuclear systematics, and molecular systematics. All published papers can be freely copied, downloaded, printed, and distributed to readers. Authors are encouraged to post the PDF files of their published papers on their personal websites or elsewhere to expedite dissemination. There are no charges for color printing.

《Comparative Cytogenetics》是一本经过同行评审的开放获取期刊，旨在加速植物和动物细胞遗传学、核系统学和分子系统学等领域的研究。所有发表的论文均可免费复制、下载、打印和分发。因此，鼓励作者将已发表论文的PDF文件上传至个人主页或其他平台，以加快传播速度。期刊不收取颜色印刷费用。

Different observers introduce not negligible biases in comparative karyomorphological studies

不同观察者对比较核形态学研究引入了不可忽略的偏差

Category	Quartile
生物学	4
生物学, 遗传学	4
生物学, 植物科学	4
生物学, 动物学	4

Different observers introduce not negligible biases in comparative karyomorphological studies

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