ABSTRACT Amazonia (defined herein as the Amazon basin) is home to the greatest concentration of biodiversity on Earth, providing unique genetic resources and ecological functions that contribute to ecosystem services globally. The lengthy and complex evolutionary history of this region has produced heterogeneous landscapes and riverscapes at multiple scales, altered the geographic and genetic connections among populations, and impacted rates of adaptation, speciation, and extinction. In turn, ecologically diverse Amazonian biotas promoted further diversification, species coexistence, and coevolution, with biodiversity accumulating over tens of millions of years. Important events in Amazonian history included: (i) late Cretaceous and early Paleogene origin of major rainforest plant and animal groups; (ii) Eocene-Oligocene global cooling with rainforests contracting to tropical latitudes separating Atlantic coastal and Amazonian rainforests; (iii) Miocene uplift of central and northern Andes that separated Pacific coastal and Amazonian rainforests, spurred formation of mega-wetlands in the western Amazon, and contributed to the origin of the modern transcontinental Amazon River; (iv) late Neogene formation of the Panamanian Isthmus that facilitated the Great American Biotic Interchange; (v) Pleistocene climate oscillations followed by late Pleistocene-Holocene human colonization and megafaunal extinctions; and (vi) modern era of widespread anthropogenic deforestation, defaunation, and ecological transformations of regional landscapes and global climates. Amazonian conservation requires decade-scale investments into biodiversity documentation and monitoring to leverage existing scientific capacity, and strategic habitat planning to allow continuity of evolutionary and ecological processes now and into the future.

Juan M. GUAYASAMIN

Camila C. RIBAS

Ana C. CARNAVAL

Juan D. CARRILLO

Carina HOORN

Lúcia G. LOHMANN

Douglas RIFF

Carmen ULLOA ULLOA

James S. ALBERT

Acta Amazonica

ACTA AMZONICA 是一本多学科、同行评议、开放获取、免费的科学期刊，用于研究亚马逊地区及其相关的研究，自 1971 年以来由巴西的 INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS DA AMAZÔNIA - INPA 出版。该期刊每季度出版一次包含广泛学科的英文文章和简短交流的问题，包括农学和林业、动物科学和渔业、生物多样性和保护、生物技术、化学和药理学、环境科学、食品科学、地球科学、健康科学、人类和社会科学和材料技术。

Acta Amazonica is a multidisciplinary, peer-reviewed, open-access scientific journal focused on research related to the Amazon region. Since its inception in 1971, it has been published quarterly by the National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA) in Brazil. The journal covers a wide range of disciplines, including agriculture and forestry, animal science and fisheries, biodiversity and conservation, biotechnology, chemistry and pharmacology, environmental science, food science, earth sciences, health sciences, humanities and social sciences, and materials technology, featuring articles and brief communications in English.

《Acta Amazonica》是一本多学科、同行评审、开放获取的科学期刊，专注于亚马逊地区及相关研究。自1971年以来，该期刊由巴西国家亚马逊研究院（INPA）出版，每季度发行一次。期刊涵盖广泛的学科领域，包括农业与林业、动物科学与渔业、生物多样性与保护、生物技术、化学与药理学、环境科学、食品科学、地球科学、健康科学、人文与社会科学以及材料技术，发表英文文章和简短交流。

Category	Quartile
环境科学与生态学	4
环境科学与生态学, 生态学	4
环境科学与生态学, 植物科学	4
环境科学与生态学, 动物学	4

Evolution of Amazonian biodiversity: A review

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