High-speed atomic force microscopy (HS AFM) in ‘contact' mode was used to image at video rate the surfaces of both calcium hydroxyapatite samples, often used as artificial dental enamel in such experiments, and polished actual bovine dental enamel in both neutral and acidic aqueous environments. The image in each frame of the video of the sample was a few micrometers square, and the high-speed scan window was panned across the sample in real time to examine larger areas. Conventional AFM images of the same regions of the sample were also recorded before and after high-speed imaging. The ability of HS AFM to follow processes occurring in liquid on the timescale of a few seconds was employed to study the dissolution process of both hydroxyapatite and bovine enamel under acidic conditions. Buffered citric acid at pH values between 3.0 and 4.0 was observed to dissolve the surface layers of these samples. The movies recorded showed rapid dissolution of the bovine enamel in particular, which proceeded until the relatively small amount of acid available had been exhausted. A comparison was made with enamel samples that had been treated in fluoride solution (1 h in 300 ppm NaF, pH 7) prior to addition of the acid; the speed of dissolution for these samples was much less than that of the untreated samples. The HS AFM used an in-house designed and constructed high-speed flexure scan stage employing a push-pull piezo actuator arrangement. The HS AFM is able to follow the large changes in height (on the micrometer scale) that occur during the dissolution process.

Alice Pyne

Will Marks

Loren M. Picco

Peter G. Dunton

Arturas Ulcinas

Michele E. Barbour

Siân B. Jones

James Gimzewski

Mervyn J. Miles

Archives of Histology and Cytology

The Archives of Histology and Cytology provides prompt publication in English of original works on the histology and histochemistry of man and animals. The articles published are in principle restricted to studies on vertebrates, but investigations using invertebrates may be accepted when the intention and results present issues of common interest to vertebrate researchers. Pathological studies may also be accepted, if the observations and interpretations are deemed to contribute toward increasing knowledge of the normal features of the cells or tissues concerned. This journal will also publish reviews offering evaluations and critical interpretations of recent studies and theories.

The Archives of Histology and Cytology is a journal that provides prompt publication of original research on the histology and histochemistry of humans and animals. The articles published are primarily focused on studies involving vertebrates; however, investigations involving invertebrates may also be accepted if their purpose and findings are of common interest to vertebrate researchers. Pathological studies may also be considered if the observations and interpretations contribute to a better understanding of the normal features of the relevant cells or tissues. Additionally, this journal publishes reviews that offer evaluations and critical interpretations of recent studies and theories.

《Archives of Histology and Cytology》是一本提供快速出版的期刊，专注于人类和动物的组织学和组织化学的原创研究。发表的文章主要限于脊椎动物的研究，但在某些情况下，涉及无脊椎动物的研究也会被接受，前提是这些研究的目的和结果对脊椎动物研究者具有共同的兴趣。病理学研究也可能被接受，前提是观察和解释被认为有助于增加对相关细胞或组织正常特征的理解。此外，本期刊还将发表对近期研究和理论的评估和批判性解读的综述文章。

High-speed atomic force microscopy of dental enamel dissolution in citric acid

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