Abstract This review article provides a synthesis and perspective on how weather and climate extreme events can play a role in influencing tipping elements and triggering tipping points in the Earth System. An example of a potential critical global tipping point, induced by climate extremes in an increasingly warmer climate, is Amazon rainforest dieback that could be driven by regional increases in droughts and exacerbated by fires, in addition to deforestation. A tipping element associated with the boreal forest might also be vulnerable to heat, drought and fire. An oceanic example is the potential collapse of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation due to extreme variability in freshwater inputs, while marine heatwaves and high acidity extremes can lead to coral reef collapse. Extreme heat events may furthermore play an important role in ice sheet, glacier and permafrost stability. Regional severe extreme events could also lead to tipping in ecosystems, as well as in human systems, in response to climate drivers. However, substantial scientific uncertainty remains on mechanistic links between extreme events and tipping points. Earth observations are of high relevance to evaluate and constrain those links between extreme events and tipping elements, by determining conditions leading to delayed recovery with a potential for tipping in the atmosphere, on land, in vegetation, and in the ocean. In the subsurface ocean, there is a lack of consistent, synoptic and high frequency observations of changes in both ocean physics and biogeochemistry. This review article shows the importance of considering the interface between extreme events and tipping points, two topics usually addressed in isolation, and the need for continued monitoring to observe early warning signs and to evaluate Earth system response to extreme events as well as improving model skill in simulating extremes, compound extremes and tipping elements.

A. Romanou

G. C. Hegerl

S. I. Seneviratne

B. Abis

A. Bastos

A. Conversi

A. Landolfi

H. Kim

P. E. Lerner

J. Mekus

B. L. Otto-Bliesner

F. S. R. Pausata

I. Pinto

L. Suarez-Guiterrez

Surveys in Geophysics

地球物理学调查发表了关于地球内部、地表、大气和近地空间环境中发生的物理、化学和生物过程的评论文章，包括与太阳系中其他天体的关系。涉及任何地球和空间科学的论文都涵盖了观测、其解释、理论和建模。

The journal "Surveys in Geophysics" publishes review articles on the physical, chemical, and biological processes occurring in the Earth's interior, on its surface, in the atmosphere, and in the near-Earth space environment. These articles also discuss the relationships with other celestial bodies in the solar system. Papers covering any aspect of Earth and space sciences include observations, interpretations, theories, and modeling.

《Surveys in Geophysics》期刊发表关于地球内部、地表、大气和近地空间环境中发生的物理、化学和生物过程的评论文章。这些文章还包括与太阳系中其他天体的关系。涉及任何地球和空间科学的论文都涵盖了观测、解释、理论和建模等方面。

Extreme Events Contributing to Tipping Elements and Tipping Points

极端事件对临界要素和临界点的贡献

Category	Quartile
地球科学	2
地球科学, 地球化学与地球物理	2

Extreme Events Contributing to Tipping Elements and Tipping Points

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Journal Info

Category	Quartile
GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS	1