Abstract Maunaloa—the largest active volcano on Earth—erupted in 2022 after its longest known repose period (~38 years) and two decades of volcanic unrest. This eruptive hiatus at Maunaloa encompasses most of the ~35-year-long Puʻuʻōʻō eruption of neighboring Kīlauea, which ended in 2018 with a collapse of the summit caldera and an unusually voluminous (~1 km3) rift eruption. A long-term pattern of such anticorrelated eruptive behavior suggests that a magmatic connection exists between these volcanoes within the asthenospheric mantle source and melting region, the lithospheric mantle, and/or the volcanic edifice. The exact nature of this connection is enigmatic. In the past, the distinct compositions of lavas from Kīlauea and Maunaloa were thought to require completely separate magma pathways from the mantle source of each volcano to the surface. Here, we use a nearly 200-yr record of lava chemistry from both volcanoes to demonstrate that melt from a shared mantle source within the Hawaiian plume may be transported alternately to Kīlauea or Maunaloa on a timescale of decades. This process led to a correlated temporal variation in 206Pb/204Pb and 87Sr/86Sr at these volcanoes since the early 19th century with each becoming more active when it received melt from the shared source. Ratios of highly over moderately incompatible trace elements (e.g., Nb/Y) at Kīlauea reached a minimum from ~2000 to 2010, which coincides with an increase in seismicity and inflation at the summit of Maunaloa. Thereafter, a reversal in Nb/Y at Kīlauea signals a decline in the degree of mantle partial melting at this volcano and suggests that melt from the shared source is now being diverted from Kīlauea to Maunaloa for the first time since the early to mid-20th century. These observations link a mantle-related shift in melt generation and transport at Kīlauea to the awakening of Maunaloa in 2002 and its eruption in 2022. Monitoring of lava chemistry is a potential tool that may be used to forecast the behavior (e.g., eruption rate and frequency) of these adjacent volcanoes on a timescale of decades. A future increase in eruptive activity at Maunaloa is likely if the temporal increase in Nb/Y continues at Kīlauea.

Aaron J Pietruszka

Daniel E Heaton

Jared P Marske

Marc D Norman

Mahinaokalani G Robbins

Reed B Mershon

Kendra J Lynn

Drew T Downs

Arron R Steiner

J Michael Rhodes

Michael O Garcia

Journal of Petrology

《岩石学杂志》为在火成岩和变质岩石学和岩石发生的广泛领域发表高质量研究提供了一个国际论坛。发表的论文涵盖了主量元素、微量元素和同位素地球化学以及应用于岩石成因的年代学等领域的广泛主题；实验岩石学；岩浆生成、分化和就位过程；成岩矿物及其共生的定量研究；有助于解决基本岩石学问题的火成岩和变质岩的区域研究；岩石成因过程的理论模型。

The Journal of Petrology serves as an international forum for publishing high-quality research in the broad fields of igneous and metamorphic petrology and rock formation. The published papers cover a wide range of topics, including major and trace element geochemistry, isotopic studies, and geochronology applied to rock genesis; experimental petrology; processes of magma generation, differentiation, and emplacement; quantitative studies of diagenetic minerals and their associations; regional studies of igneous and metamorphic rocks that contribute to solving fundamental petrological issues; and theoretical models of rock formation processes.

《Journal of Petrology》是一个国际论坛，致力于发表关于火成岩和变质岩石学及其形成过程的高质量研究。该期刊涵盖了多个领域的主题，包括主量元素、微量元素和同位素地球化学，以及应用于岩石成因的年代学；实验岩石学；岩浆生成、分化和就位过程；成岩矿物及其共生的定量研究；以及有助于解决基本岩石学问题的火成岩和变质岩的区域研究。此外，期刊还探讨岩石成因过程的理论模型。

Category	Quartile
地球科学	2
地球科学, 地球化学与地球物理	2

Awakening of Maunaloa Linked to Melt Shared from Kīlauea’s Mantle Source

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Journal Info

Category	Quartile
GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS	1