Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites, when exposed to the sun, use solar energy for operation, processing, and communication, and with excess energy they recharge their batteries. However, when satellites are in an area with no sunlight, called eclipse areas, they operate using only their battery power. The batteries have limitations on the amount of recharges/discharges, also known as the depth of discharge (DOD) cycle. Therefore, this restricts the useful life of the batteries themselves and also of the satellites. In this paper, we propose two different efficient routing methods for LEO satellite networks, which optimize traffic in order to reduce the DOD of satellites. We improved the Energy and Capacity Aware Routing (ECARS) metric, existing in the literature, by adding the Energy Routing prUning (ERU)-DOD and Energy Routing penAlty (ERA)-DOD methods. These proposed methods prune and penalize, respectively, the links whose satellites have reached a certain minimum battery charge threshold. With this procedure, we avoid over-discharging the satellites' battery, and thus, the lifetime is extended. Simulations results show that ERU-DOD and ERA-DOD can increase 133.19% and 11.88% the satellites' batteries lifetime, respectively. Moreover, when comparing our ERU-DOD and ERA-DOD proposals with the ECARS in terms of the average residual energy of the batteries, they provide an increase of 109.77% and 32.73%, respectively. In addition, ERU-DOD and ERA-DOD proposals showed a gain in throughput of 7.28% and 3.06% higher than ECARS. Furthermore, compared to the ECARS metric, the ERA-DOD proposal has a 1.1% lower delay, a 1.5% lower number of hops, and 0.49% less in the total of blocked sources.

Renata do N. Mota Macambira

Celso Barbosa Carvalho

José Ferreira de Rezende

Computer Communications

计算机和通信网络是信息社会的关键基础设施，具有很高的社会经济价值，因为它们有助于许多关键服务（从医疗保健到金融和交通）的正确运行。互联网是当今计算机通信基础设施的核心。这已将互联网从用于计算机之间数据传输的强大网络转变为全球性、内容丰富的通信和信息系统，其中内容越来越多地由用户生成，因此，需要下一代网络技术、架构和协议来克服传统互联网的局限性，增加新的能力和服务，未来的互联网应该是无处不在、安全、有弹性、更接近人类的。通信范式。COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS 是一份经过同行评审的国际期刊，发表高质量的科学文章（理论和实践）和调查论文，涵盖未来计算机通信网络的所有方面（在所有层，除了物理层），关注互联网架构、协议、服务和应用程序的演变。

Computer and communication networks are critical infrastructures in the information society, holding significant socio-economic value as they support the proper functioning of many essential services, including healthcare, finance, and transportation. The Internet serves as the core of today's computer communication infrastructure, having evolved from a powerful network for data transmission between computers into a global, content-rich communication and information system. With an increasing amount of user-generated content, there is a pressing need for next-generation network technologies, architectures, and protocols to overcome the limitations of the traditional Internet and enhance new capabilities and services. The future Internet should be ubiquitous, secure, resilient, and more aligned with human communication paradigms. "Computer Communications" is a peer-reviewed international journal that publishes high-quality scientific articles (both theoretical and practical) and survey papers covering all aspects of future computer communication networks (at all layers except the physical layer), with a focus on the evolution of Internet architectures, protocols, services, and applications.

计算机和通信网络是信息社会的关键基础设施，具有重要的社会经济价值，因为它们支持许多关键服务的正常运行，包括医疗保健、金融和交通等。互联网是当今计算机通信基础设施的核心，已经从一个用于计算机之间数据传输的强大网络，转变为一个全球性的、内容丰富的通信和信息系统。用户生成的内容日益增多，因此需要下一代网络技术、架构和协议，以克服传统互联网的局限性，增强新的能力和服务。未来的互联网应当是无处不在、安全、具有弹性，并更贴近人类的通信范式。《Computer Communications》是一份经过同行评审的国际期刊，发表高质量的科学文章（包括理论和实践）以及调查论文，涵盖未来计算机通信网络的各个方面（除了物理层），重点关注互联网架构、协议、服务和应用程序的演变。

Category	Quartile
计算机科学	3
计算机科学, 计算机信息系统	3
计算机科学, 工程电子与电气	3
计算机科学, 电信学	3

Energy-efficient routing in LEO satellite networks for extending satellites lifetime

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