The orbitofrontal cortex contains the secondary taste cortex, in which the reward value of taste is represented. It also contains the secondary and tertiary olfactory cortical areas, in which information about the identity and also about the reward value of odours is represented. The orbitofrontal cortex also receives information about the sight of objects from the temporal lobe cortical visual areas, and neurons in it learn and reverse the visual stimulus to which they respond when the association of the visual stimulus with a primary reinforcing stimulus (such as taste) is reversed. This is an example of stimulus-reinforcement association learning, and is a type of stimulus-stimulus association learning. More generally, the stimulus might be a visual or olfactory stimulus, and the primary (unlearned) positive or negative reinforcer a taste or touch. A somatosensory input is revealed by neurons that respond to the texture of food in the mouth, including a population that responds to the mouth feel of fat. In complementary neuroimaging studies in humans, it is being found that areas of the orbitofrontal cortex are activated by pleasant touch, by painful touch, by taste, by smell, and by more abstract reinforcers such as winning or losing money. Damage to the orbitofrontal cortex can impair the learning and reversal of stimulus-reinforcement associations, and thus the correction of behavioural responses when there are no longer appropriate because previous reinforcement contingencies change. The information which reaches the orbitofrontal cortex for these functions includes information about faces, and damage to the orbitofrontal cortex can impair face (and voice) expression identification. This evidence thus shows that the orbitofrontal cortex is involved in decoding and representing some primary reinforcers such as taste and touch; in learning and reversing associations of visual and other stimuli to these primary reinforcers; and in controlling and correcting reward-related and punishment-related behavior, and thus in emotion. The approach described here is aimed at providing a fundamental understanding of how the orbitofrontal cortex actually functions, and thus in how it is involved in motivational behavior such as feeding and drinking, in emotional behavior, and in social behavior.

Edmund T Rolls

Brain and cognition

BRAIN AND COGNITION 是神经科学和认知科学整合的论坛。 B&C 发表同行评议的研究文章、理论论文、解决重要理论问题的案例历史，以及关于认知功能和大脑过程之间相互作用的历史文章。重点是对经验或理论性质的严格研究，这些研究对我们关于神经系统参与认知的知识做出了原创性贡献。覆盖范围包括但不限于与大脑结构或功能相关的记忆、学习、情感、感知、运动、音乐或实践。已发表的文章通常会解决与认知功能的某些方面与其神经基础相关的问题，具有明确的理论意义，提出新的假设或反驳先前建立的假设。如果临床论文提出具有理论重要性或关注的问题，并阐明脑功能和认知功能之间的相互作用，则它们是受欢迎的。除了总结该领域的文献之外，我们欢迎那些明确贡献新观点或整合的评论文章；评论文章的作者应明确贡献所在。我们也欢迎就认知与神经系统的结构和功能之间的关系提出特殊问题的建议。有兴趣成为此类收藏的客座编辑的个人可以直接向主编提出此类建议。

Brain and Cognition is a forum that integrates neuroscience and cognitive science. The journal publishes peer-reviewed research articles, theoretical papers, case studies addressing significant theoretical issues, and historical articles on the interaction between cognitive functions and brain processes. The focus is on rigorous studies of empirical or theoretical nature that make original contributions to our understanding of the role of the nervous system in cognition. Topics covered include, but are not limited to, memory, learning, emotion, perception, action, music, or practice related to brain structure or function. Published articles typically address the relationship between certain aspects of cognitive function and their neural bases, possessing clear theoretical significance, proposing new hypotheses, or refuting previously established ones. Clinical papers that raise theoretically significant or pertinent questions and clarify the interaction between brain function and cognitive function are welcomed. In addition to summarizing the literature in the field, we also welcome review articles that clearly contribute new perspectives or integrations; authors of review articles should explicitly state their contributions. We also invite suggestions for special issues addressing the relationship between cognition and the structure and function of the nervous system. Individuals interested in becoming guest editors for such collections can directly propose such suggestions to the editor-in-chief.

《Brain and Cognition》是一个整合神经科学与认知科学的论坛。该期刊发表经过同行评审的研究文章、理论论文、解决重要理论问题的案例研究，以及关于认知功能与大脑过程相互作用的历史文章。期刊重点关注对经验或理论性质的严格研究，这些研究对我们理解神经系统在认知中的作用做出了原创性贡献。覆盖的主题包括但不限于与大脑结构或功能相关的记忆、学习、情感、感知、运动、音乐或实践。已发表的文章通常探讨认知功能的某些方面与其神经基础之间的关系，具有明确的理论意义，提出新的假设或反驳已有假设。如果临床论文涉及具有理论重要性或关注的问题，并阐明脑功能与认知功能之间的相互作用，则会受到欢迎。除了总结该领域的文献外，我们也欢迎那些明确贡献新观点或整合的评论文章；评论文章的作者应明确指出其贡献所在。我们也欢迎就认知与神经系统的结构和功能之间关系提出特别问题的建议。有意成为此类专题的客座编辑的个人可以直接向主编提出建议。

Brain and Cognition

Brain Cogn

The functions of the orbitofrontal cortex.

Evidence shows that the orbitofrontal cortex is involved in decoding and representing some primary reinforcers such as taste and touch; in learning and reversing associations of visual and other stimuli to these primary rein forcers; and in controlling and correcting reward-related and punishment-related behavior, and thus in emotion.

Category	Quartile
心理学	3
心理学, 神经科学	3
心理学, 心理学实验	3

The functions of the orbitofrontal cortex.

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Journal Info

Category	Quartile
PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL	2