In ultrasonic testing, omnidirectional wave propagation presents challenges of nonfocus energy loss and interface interference. Traditional phased array (PA) methods, despite their focusing capabilities, suffer from limitations in energy utilization and target detection accuracy. Frequency diverse array (FDA) technology, initially developed for radar, has demonstrated potential for improved range-angle-dependent ultrasonic beampatterns but still exhibits limitations due to S-shaped coupling. This study proposes an ultrasonic nonlinear frequency diverse array (ultrasonic-NFDA) with nonuniform frequency offsets to address these issues. The ultrasonic-NFDA employs modulated frequency offsets by introducing nonlinear carrying functions and incorporating additional parameters to manipulate beamforming and enhances energy concentration at focal points. Furthermore, the multi-objective differential evolution algorithm is used for parameter optimization. The proposed method decouples the range-angle beampattern and improves the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio. Numerical evaluations and simulations demonstrate that ultrasonic-NFDA outperforms the ultrasonic linear FDA and PA series, achieving better peak sidelobe level and half-power beam width. Experimental validations confirm the effectiveness of ultrasonic-NFDA in practical ultrasonic testing scenarios, showing significant improvements in defect detection and imaging clarity. The optimized beampatterns effectively reduce artifacts and enhance the precision of defect localization. The proposed integration of nonlinear frequency offsets and parameter optimization in array testing offers a robust solution for more accurate and efficient ultrasonic inspection methodologies.

Xiaolei Xu

Yanping Zhu

Yiming Wang

Fucai Li

Wensheng Su

Zhigang Xue

Structural Health Monitoring

Structural Health Monitoring is an international peer reviewed journal that publishes the highest quality original research that contain theoretical, analytical, and experimental investigations that advance the body of knowledge and its application in the discipline of structural health monitoring.

Structural Health Monitoring is an international peer-reviewed journal dedicated to publishing high-quality original research. This research includes theoretical, analytical, and experimental investigations aimed at advancing the body of knowledge and its applications in the field of structural health monitoring.

《Structural Health Monitoring》是一本国际同行评审期刊，致力于发表高质量的原创研究。这些研究包括理论、分析和实验调查，旨在推动结构健康监测领域的知识体系及其应用的发展。

Category	Quartile
工程技术	2
工程技术, 工程综合	2
工程技术, 仪器仪表	2

Ultrasonic nonlinear frequency diverse array: principle and applications

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Category	Quartile
INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION	1