Objective To investigate the influence of acupuncture lifting-thrusting frequency and amplitude on the analgesic effects, and its correlation with mast cell degranulation. Methods Acute adjuvant arthritis (AA) rat models were employed. Robot-arm aided lifting-thrusting acupuncture therapy was conducted with various frequencies (ranging from 0.5 to 4 Hz) and amplitudes (ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 mm). The rats’ pain thresholds were measured multiple times before and after the therapy, and the analgesic effects were evaluated using the pain threshold recovery rate (PTRR), a normalized index. The mast cell degranulation rate (MCdR) at the acupoint was calculated, and a correlation analysis between PTRR and MCdR was performed. Results Acupuncture therapy partially restored the pain threshold affected by arthritis. The analgesic effects were influenced by stimulus frequency and amplitude, with best outcomes occurring at an intermediate optimal frequency of 1.0 Hz and amplitude of 1.0–1.5 mm. Similarly, the MCdR peaked at the optimal frequency and amplitude. Conclusion Our animal experiment suggests that optimal analgesic effects can be achieved with stimulation at an optimal intensity. This intensity-effect correlation appears to originate from mast cell activation rates under different mechanical stimulus.

Yi-Xuan Wang

Yu-Hang Liu

Zi-Liang Zhang

Xuan Qiao

Ying-Chen Li

Liu-Jie Ren

Guang-Hong Ding

Wei Yao

Yi Yu

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

将医学新发现转化为临床常规从未如此简单。在上个世纪下半叶，由于化学、生物化学和药理学的进步，我们看到了大量旨在治疗症状、阻断不需要的途径以及在遇上传染病，抗击微生物负有责任。然而，今天，我们正面临着病理和疾病治疗方法的巨大变化。事实上，当前和下一个十年的挑战是完全恢复患病生物体的生理状态，并在组织和器官受到严重影响时完全再生，以至于治疗不能局限于抑制症状或修复损害。这要归功于基础细胞和分子生物学的重大发展，包括干细胞科学、生长因子传递、基因分离和转染、生物工程和纳米技术的进步，包括新生物材料的开发、生物制造技术和使用生物反应器，以及细胞、组织和器官的诊断工具和成像方面的重大改进。在当今世界，加强多学科专家之间的交流，以及促进科学家、工程师、行业人士之间的联合项目和密切合作，监管机构和医生是成功开发和临床应用新生物疗法或涉及集体使用生物材料、细胞和/或生物活性分子的创新设备的任何尝试的绝对要求。 “生物工程和生物技术前沿”旨在通过弥合基础科学发现与其临床应用之间经常存在的差距，成为参与该过程的所有人的论坛。

The journal "Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology" aims to simplify the translation of medical discoveries into clinical practice. In the latter half of the 20th century, advancements in chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacology led to numerous breakthroughs aimed at treating symptoms, blocking unnecessary pathways, and combating infectious diseases. However, today we are witnessing a significant shift in pathology and disease treatment approaches. The challenges of the current and next decade lie in fully restoring the physiological state of affected organisms and achieving complete regeneration when tissues and organs are severely impacted, rather than merely suppressing symptoms or repairing damage. This progress is attributed to major advancements in fundamental cell and molecular biology, including stem cell science, growth factor delivery, gene isolation and transfection, breakthroughs in bioengineering and nanotechnology, as well as the development of new biomaterials, applications of biomanufacturing technologies, and the use of bioreactors. Additionally, significant improvements have been made in diagnostic tools and imaging for cells, tissues, and organs. In today's world, enhancing communication among multidisciplinary experts and fostering collaborative projects and close cooperation among scientists, engineers, industry professionals, regulatory bodies, and physicians are essential for the successful development and clinical application of new biotherapies or innovative devices involving the collective use of biomaterials, cells, and/or bioactive molecules. The journal "Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology" aims to serve as a forum for all participants by bridging the gap between fundamental scientific discoveries and their clinical applications.

《Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology》期刊致力于将医学新发现转化为临床常规，旨在简化这一过程。20世纪下半叶，随着化学、生物化学和药理学的进步，我们见证了大量旨在治疗症状、阻断不必要的生理途径以及应对传染病的研究成果。然而，今天我们面临着病理和疾病治疗方法的重大变革。当前及未来十年的挑战在于完全恢复患病生物体的生理状态，并在组织和器官受到严重影响时实现完全再生，而不仅仅是抑制症状或修复损伤。这一切得益于基础细胞和分子生物学的重大进展，包括干细胞科学、生长因子传递、基因分离与转染、生物工程和纳米技术的突破，以及新生物材料的开发、生物制造技术的应用和生物反应器的使用。此外，细胞、组织和器官的诊断工具和成像技术也取得了显著进展。在当今世界，加强多学科专家之间的交流，促进科学家、工程师和行业人士之间的联合项目与密切合作，以及与监管机构和医生的合作，是成功开发和临床应用新生物疗法或涉及集体使用生物材料、细胞和/或生物活性分子的创新设备的关键。《Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology》期刊旨在通过弥合基础科学发现与其临床应用之间的差距，成为所有参与者的论坛。

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Influence of acupuncture intensity on analgesic effects in AA rat models

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