Photon avalanche (PA)-where the absorption of a single photon initiates a 'chain reaction' of additional absorption and energy transfer events within a material-is a highly nonlinear optical process that results in upconverted light emission with an exceptionally steep dependence on the illumination intensity. Over 40 years following the first demonstration of photon avalanche emission in lanthanide-doped bulk crystals, PA emission has been achieved in nanometer-scale colloidal particles. The scaling of PA to nanomaterials has resulted in significant and rapid advances, such as luminescence imaging beyond the diffraction limit of light, optical thermometry and force sensing with (sub)micron spatial resolution, and all-optical data storage and processing. In this review, we discuss the fundamental principles underpinning PA and survey the studies leading to the development of nanoscale PA. Finally, we offer a perspective on how this knowledge can be used for the development of next-generation PA nanomaterials optimized for a broad range of applications, including mid-IR imaging, luminescence thermometry, (bio)sensing, optical data processing and nanophotonics.

Marcin Szalkowski

Agata Kotulska

Magdalena Dudek

Zuzanna Korczak

Martyna Majak

Lukasz Marciniak

Malgorzata Misiak

Katarzyna Prorok

Artiom Skripka

P. James Schuck

Emory M. Chan

Artur Bednarkiewicz

Chemical Society Reviews

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Chemical Society Reviews is a high-impact review journal covering the entire field of chemical sciences, dedicated to providing the latest research findings and in-depth analyses.

《Chemical Society Reviews》是一个涵盖整个化学科学领域的高影响力评论期刊，致力于提供最新的研究成果和深入的分析。

Category	Quartile
化学	1
化学, 化学综合	1

Advances in the photon avalanche luminescence of inorganic lanthanide-doped nanomaterials

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CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY	1