Auscultation is an ordinary way to diagnose cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. The heart-lung sound (HLS) from the stethoscope is a mixture of heart sound (HS) and lung sound (LS). The first and most crucial step is to differentiate between HS and LS from the mixture signal. This paper proposes an unsupervised single-channel blind source separation (BSS) algorithm based on nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) and deep learning (DL). Firstly, HS signals are extracted by the multi-constrained NMF (MCNMF) decomposition algorithm and K-means & SVM (KS) clustering method proposed in this paper, and different types of HS signals are classified by a convolutional neural network (CNN). Then, the HLS is separated by the embedding space centroid network (ECNet) proposed in our study. The method outperforms the known state-of-the-art techniques in all evaluation metrics SNR, SDR, SIR, SAR, and correlation coefficient. Our algorithm has two advantages: 1) this study is the first to combine NMF and DL for the HLS separation. MCNMF with selected constraints can have a more substantial sparsity effect that improves the decomposition accuracy. KS clustering algorithm can distinguish the HS component from the LS component in two clustering results. By mapping classified HLS into an embedding space, the ECNet demonstrates excellent separation results. 2) HS extraction and classification first, then HLS separation. Because our method exploits more detailed information from HS types in HLS before BSS, the ECNet can outperform other HLS separation methods.

Weibo Wang

Shubo Wang

Dimei Qin

Yu Fang

Yongkang Zheng

Biomedical Signal Processing and Control

生物医学信号处理和控制旨在提供一个跨学科的国际论坛，用于交换临床医学和生物科学中信号和图像的测量和分析研究的信息。重点是在临床诊断、患者监测和管理中使用方法和设备的实用、应用主导研究方面的贡献。生物医学信号处理和控制反映了这些方法在临床上使用和开发的主要领域工程和临床科学的接口。该期刊的范围被定义为包括相关的评论论文、技术说明、简短的通信和信件。教程论文和特刊也将出版。

The journal "Biomedical Signal Processing and Control" aims to provide an interdisciplinary international forum for the exchange of information on the measurement and analysis of signals and images in clinical medicine and biosciences. It focuses on practical and application-driven research contributions regarding methods and devices used in clinical diagnosis, patient monitoring, and management. "Biomedical Signal Processing and Control" reflects the main areas where these methods are applied and developed, particularly at the interface of engineering and clinical sciences. The scope of the journal includes relevant review papers, technical notes, brief communications, and letters, as well as tutorial papers and special issues.

《Biomedical Signal Processing and Control》期刊旨在提供一个跨学科的国际论坛，促进临床医学和生物科学领域中信号和图像测量与分析研究的信息交流。期刊重点关注在临床诊断、患者监测和管理中应用的方法和设备的实用性和应用导向的研究贡献。《Biomedical Signal Processing and Control》反映了这些方法在临床应用和开发中的主要领域，尤其是工程与临床科学的交汇点。期刊的范围包括相关的评论论文、技术说明、简短通信和信件，同时也会出版教程论文和特刊。

Category	Quartile
医学	2
医学, 工程生物医学	3

Heart-lung sound separation by nonnegative matrix factorization and deep learning

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Journal Info

Category	Quartile
ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL	1