Accelerated neurocognitive decline after general anesthesia/surgery, also known as perioperative neurocognitive disorder (PND), is a widely recognized public health problem that may affect millions of patients each year. Advanced age, with its increasing prevalence of heightened stress, inflammation, and neurodegenerative alterations, is a consistent contributing factor to the development of PND. Although a strong homeostatic reserve in young adults makes them more resilient to PND, animal data suggest that young adults with pathophysiological conditions characterized by excessive stress and inflammation may be vulnerable to PND, and this altered phenotype may be passed to future offspring (intergenerational PND). The purpose of this narrative review of data in the literature and the authors’ own experimental findings in rodents is to draw attention to the possibility of intergenerational PND, a new phenomenon which, if confirmed in humans, may unravel a big new population that may be affected by parental PND. In particular, we discuss the roles of stress, inflammation, and epigenetic alterations in the development of PND. We also discuss experimental findings that demonstrate the effects of surgery, traumatic brain injury, and the general anesthetic sevoflurane that interact to induce persistent dysregulation of the stress response system, inflammation markers, and behavior in young adult male rats and in their future offspring who have neither trauma nor anesthetic exposure (i.e., an animal model of intergenerational PND).

Ling-Sha Ju

Timothy E. Morey

Christoph N. Seubert

Anatoly E. Martynyuk

Biology

Biology (ISSN 2079-7737) is an international, peer-reviewed, quick-refereeing open access journal of Biological Science published by MDPI online. It publishes reviews, research papers and communications in all areas of biology and at the interface of related disciplines. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible. There is no restriction on the length of the papers. The full experimental details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced. Electronic files regarding the full details of the experimental procedure, if unable to be published in a normal way, can be deposited as supplementary material.

Biology is an international, peer-reviewed, quick-refereeing open access journal of Biological Science published online by MDPI. It covers all areas of biology and related disciplines, publishing reviews, research papers, and communications. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible. There are no restrictions on the length of the papers, and full experimental details must be provided to ensure reproducibility of results. If the full details of the experimental procedure cannot be published in the usual manner, electronic files can be deposited as supplementary material.

《Biology》是一本国际性的、经过同行评审的快速审稿开放获取期刊，专注于生物科学，由MDPI在线出版。期刊涵盖生物学及相关学科的所有领域，发表综述、研究论文和通讯。我们的目标是鼓励科学家尽可能详细地发布他们的实验和理论结果。对论文的长度没有限制，必须提供完整的实验细节，以便结果可以被复现。如果实验程序的完整细节无法以正常方式发布，可以将电子文件作为补充材料提交。

Intergenerational Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorder

The purpose of this narrative review of data in the literature and the authors’ own experimental findings in rodents is to draw attention to the possibility of intergenerational PND, a new phenomenon which, if confirmed in humans, may unravel a big new population that may be affected by parental PND.

Category	Quartile
生物学	3
生物学, 生物学	3

Intergenerational Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorder

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