Dual‐systems theories explain lapses in self‐control in terms of a conflict between automatic and deliberative modes of behavioral control. Numerous studies have now tested whether the brain areas that control behavior are organized in a manner consistent with dual‐systems models. Brain regions directly associated with the mesolimbic dopamine system, the nucleus accumbens and ventromedial prefrontal cortex in particular, capture some of the features assumed by automatic processing. Regions in the lateral prefrontal cortex are more closely linked to deliberative processing and the exertion of self‐control in the suppression of impulses. While identifying these regions crudely supports dual‐systems theories, important modifications to what constitutes automatic and deliberative behavioral control are also suggested. Experiments have identified various means by which automatic processes may be sculpted. Additional work decomposes deliberative processes into component functions such as generalized working memory, reappraisal of emotional stimuli, and prospection. The importance of deconstructing dual‐systems models into specific cognitive processes is clear for understanding and treating addiction. We discuss intervention possibilities suggested by recent research, and focus in particular on cognitive training approaches to bolster deliberative control processes that may aid quit attempts.

Samuel M. McClure

Warren K. Bickel

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

代表纽约科学院出版的《纽约科学院年鉴》为当前科学兴趣的研究提供了多学科视角，对更广泛的科学界和整个社会具有深远的影响。在新兴发展提供新见解的承诺之际，每期特刊都汇集了该研究领域关键贡献者的最佳思想。个别主题的年鉴特刊通过提供一个中立的讨论论坛——在许多机构和领域内和跨领域，激发了思考科学的新方式。

The Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences is a journal published by the New York Academy of Sciences that offers a multidisciplinary perspective on current scientific research interests, having a profound impact on the broader scientific community and society as a whole. Each special issue gathers the best thoughts from key contributors in the field, committed to providing new insights into emerging developments. The annual special issues on individual topics serve as a neutral discussion forum, stimulating new ways of thinking about science across various institutions and disciplines.

《Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences》是由纽约科学院出版的期刊，提供了多学科视角，关注当前科学研究的热点问题，对科学界和社会产生了深远的影响。每期特刊汇集了该研究领域内关键贡献者的最佳思想，承诺为新兴发展提供新的见解。个别主题的年鉴特刊通过提供一个中立的讨论论坛，激发了跨领域的科学思考，促进了不同机构和领域之间的交流。

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综合性期刊	3
综合性期刊, 综合性期刊	3

A dual‐systems perspective on addiction: contributions from neuroimaging and cognitive training

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Category	Quartile
MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES	1