Abstract This paper explores the notion of species-relative critical levels, which is a crucial ethical issue in multi-species population ethics. First, the formal conditions are provided under which there are species-relative critical levels (e.g., the critical level for human beings is different from that for non-human beings). In particular, we find it a salient question of animal ethics whether the existence of a human being is morally better than that of a non-human animal when their utility levels are the same. Subsequently, we illustrate two general classes of multi-species critical-level utilitarian orderings. One class employs species-relative critical levels, which entails either the animal repugnant conclusion or the animal sadistic conclusion. The other employs species-relative critical levels plus species-lexical ordering. Although it can avoid both the animal repugnant conclusion and the animal sadistic conclusions, it has the problem of speciesism.

Susumu Cato

Shu Ishida

Erkenntnis

ERKENNTNIS 是一本哲学期刊，发表的论文以某种方式致力于以“科学哲学”为标签所表示的哲学态度。它专注于那些特别受到这种态度启发的哲学领域，尽管也欢迎其他主题。这些领域是：- 认识论 - 科学哲学、一般科学的基础和方法论以及自然科学和人文科学，特别是物理学、生物学、心理学、经济学、社会科学 - 数学哲学 - 逻辑、逻辑哲学和各种哲学逻辑 - 语言哲学 - 本体论、形而上学、形态论 - 哲学心理学、心灵哲学、神经哲学 - 实践哲学，即伦理学、行动哲学、法律哲学等。 ERKENNTNIS 的目标之一是为讨论有争议的问题提供合适的平台；另一个是对不断增长的研究领域中的重要出版物提供及时、有能力的评论。近年来，远离分析哲学的哲学家们也对概念的精确性和语言、论据和扎实的基础。 ERKENNTNIS 为他们以及所有派别的哲学家提供了一个聚会、讨论和辩论的场所。ERKENNTNIS 最初由 RUDOLF CARNAP 和 HANS REICHENBACH 于 1930 年创立，1975 年由 CARL G. HEMPEL、WOLFANG STEGMÜLLER 复兴和威廉·K·埃斯勒。您可以在右侧选项卡中访问的文章“HEMPEL：旧的和新的‘ERKENNTNIS’”中找到更多信息。如今，ERKENNTNIS 是全球领先的哲学期刊之一，并吸引了一流的作者职业阶段；从博士水平的年轻哲学家到成熟的学术哲学家和享有盛誉的资深学者。我们以向我们的作者提供大量的审稿报告而自豪，在第一个决定之前大约需要三个月的周转时间。该期刊的论文接受率目前略低于 10%。

Erkenntnis is a philosophy journal that focuses on issues related to the philosophy of science. The papers published in this journal are dedicated to exploring various philosophical problems associated with this field. It particularly emphasizes the following areas: - Epistemology - Philosophy of science, the foundations and methodologies of general science, as well as natural and human sciences, especially physics, biology, psychology, economics, and social sciences - Philosophy of mathematics - Logic, philosophy of logic, and various philosophical logics - Philosophy of language - Ontology, metaphysics, and morphology - Philosophical psychology, philosophy of mind, and neurophilosophy - Practical philosophy, including ethics, philosophy of action, and philosophy of law. One of the goals of Erkenntnis is to provide a platform for discussing controversial issues, while another is to offer timely and competent reviews of significant publications in the ever-growing field of research. In recent years, philosophers who have moved away from analytic philosophy have also focused on the precision of concepts, language, arguments, and solid foundations. Erkenntnis provides a venue for these philosophers and philosophers from all schools to gather, discuss, and debate. The journal was originally founded by Rudolf Carnap and Hans Reichenbach in 1930 and was revitalized in 1975 by Carl G. Hempel, Wolfgang Stegmüller, and William K. Essler. Today, Erkenntnis is one of the leading philosophy journals globally, attracting top authors at various career stages, from young philosophers at the doctoral level to established academics and renowned senior scholars. We take pride in providing our authors with a substantial number of review reports, with a turnaround time of approximately three months before the first decision. The acceptance rate for papers in this journal is currently just below 10%.

《Erkenntnis》是一本专注于科学哲学的哲学期刊，发表的论文致力于探讨与科学哲学相关的各种哲学问题。该期刊特别关注以下领域：- 认识论 - 科学哲学、一般科学的基础和方法论，以及自然科学和人文科学，尤其是物理学、生物学、心理学、经济学和社会科学 - 数学哲学 - 逻辑、逻辑哲学及各种哲学逻辑 - 语言哲学 - 本体论、形而上学和形态论 - 哲学心理学、心灵哲学和神经哲学 - 实践哲学，包括伦理学、行动哲学和法律哲学等。 《Erkenntnis》的目标之一是为有争议的问题提供讨论的平台，另一个目标是对不断增长的研究领域中的重要出版物进行及时和专业的评论。近年来，许多哲学家开始关注概念的精确性、语言、论据和扎实的基础，尽管他们远离了分析哲学。《Erkenntnis》为这些哲学家以及所有流派的哲学家提供了一个聚会、讨论和辩论的场所。该期刊最初由Rudolf Carnap和Hans Reichenbach于1930年创立，1975年由Carl G. Hempel、Wolfgang Stegmüller和William K. Essler复兴。如今，《Erkenntnis》已成为全球领先的哲学期刊之一，吸引了从博士生到成熟学者和享有盛誉的资深学者等各个阶段的优秀作者。我们为向作者提供大量审稿报告而感到自豪，通常在第一次决定前的周转时间约为三个月。目前，该期刊的论文接受率略低于10%。

Category	Quartile
哲学	2
哲学, 哲学	2

Multi-species Population Ethics with Critical Levels

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