As a complement to passive detection systems, radiographic inspection of cargo is an increasingly important tool for homeland security because it has the potential to detect highly attenuating objects associated with special nuclear material or surrounding shielding, in addition to screening for items such as drugs or contraband. Radiographic detection of such threat objects relies on high image contrast between regions of different density and atomic number (Z). Threat detection is affected by scatter of the interrogating beam in the cargo, the radiographic system itself, and the surrounding environment, which degrades image contrast. Here, we estimate the extent to which scatter plays a role in radiographic imaging of cargo containers. Stochastic transport simulations were performed to determine the details of the radiography equipment and surrounding environment, which are important in reproducing measured data and to investigate scatter magnitudes for typical cargo. We find that scatter plays a stronger role in cargo radiography than in typical medical imaging scenarios, even for low-density cargo, with scatter-to-primary ratios ranging from 0.14 for very low density cargo, to between 0.20 and 0.40 for typical cargo, and higher yet for dense cargo.

Erin A Miller

Joseph A Caggiano

Robert C Runkle

Timothy A White

Aaron M Bevill

Applied radiation and isotopes : including data, instrumentation and methods for use in agriculture, industry and medicine

APPLIED RADIATION AND ISOTOPES 为发表关于化学、物理、生物化学、生物学、医学、安全、工程和工业领域的核、辐射和放射性核素技术的发展与和平应用的大量、原创和科学技术论文提供了一个高质量的媒介。地球、行星和环境科学，都包括剂量学。核技术是在最广泛的意义上定义的，欢迎实验和理论论文。它们包括开发和使用 Α 和 Β 粒子、X 射线和 Γ 射线、中子和其他核粒子以及来自所有来源（包括放射性核素、同步加速器源、回旋加速器和反应堆）以及来自自然环境的辐射。旨在发表对国际读者具有重要意义的论文，其中包含大量新颖性和科学影响。编辑保留拒绝不符合这些标准的论文的权利，无论是否有外部审查。涉及辐射处理的论文，即辐射被用来引起材料的生物、化学或物理变化的论文，应该是指向我们的姊妹期刊《辐射物理与化学》。

The journal "Applied Radiation and Isotopes" is dedicated to publishing high-quality original research papers on nuclear technology and its peaceful applications in the fields of chemistry, physics, biochemistry, biology, medicine, safety, engineering, and industry. The journal covers a wide range of areas, including Earth, planetary, and environmental sciences, as well as dosimetry. Nuclear technology is defined in the broadest sense, and both experimental and theoretical submissions are welcome. These studies involve alpha and beta particles, X-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other nuclear particles from various sources, including radioactive nuclides, synchrotron sources, cyclotrons, reactors, and radiation from the natural environment. The journal aims to publish papers of significant importance to an international readership, emphasizing novelty and scientific impact. The editors reserve the right to reject papers that do not meet these standards, regardless of external review. Papers involving radiation processing, where radiation is used to induce biological, chemical, or physical changes in materials, should be directed to our sister journal, "Radiation Physics and Chemistry."

《Applied Radiation and Isotopes》期刊致力于发表关于核技术及其在化学、物理、生物化学、生物学、医学、安全、工程和工业领域的和平应用的高质量原创研究论文。期刊涵盖地球、行星和环境科学，包括剂量学等多个领域。核技术的定义非常广泛，欢迎实验和理论研究的投稿。这些研究涉及阿尔法和贝塔粒子、X射线、伽马射线、中子及其他核粒子，来源包括放射性核素、同步加速器、回旋加速器、反应堆以及自然环境中的辐射。期刊旨在发表对国际读者具有重要意义的论文，强调新颖性和科学影响。编辑保留拒绝不符合这些标准的论文的权利，无论是否经过外部审查。涉及辐射处理的论文，即利用辐射引起材料的生物、化学或物理变化的研究，建议投稿至我们的姊妹期刊《辐射物理与化学》。

Applied Radiation and Isotopes

Appl Radiat Isot

Scatter in cargo radiography.

It is found that scatter plays a stronger role in cargo radiography than in typical medical imaging scenarios, even for low-density cargo, with scatter-to-primary ratios ranging from 0.14 for very low density cargo, to between 0.20 and 0.40 for typical cargo, and higher yet for dense cargo.

Category	Quartile
工程技术	3
工程技术, 无机化学与核化学	2
工程技术, 核科学技术	3
工程技术, 核医学	4

Scatter in cargo radiography.

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Journal Info

Category	Quartile
RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING	3