To exist in a wide range of environmental niches, bacteria must sense and respond to a variety of external signals. A primary means by which this occurs is through two-component signal transduction pathways, typically composed of a sensor histidine kinase that receives the input stimuli and then phosphorylates a response regulator that effects an appropriate change in cellular physiology. Histidine kinases and response regulators have an intrinsic modularity that separates signal input, phosphotransfer, and output response; this modularity has allowed bacteria to dramatically expand and diversify their signaling capabilities. Recent work has begun to reveal the molecular basis by which two-component proteins evolve. How and why do orthologous signaling proteins diverge? How do cells gain new pathways and recognize new signals? What changes are needed to insulate a new pathway from existing pathways? What constraints are there on gene duplication and lateral gene transfer? Here, we review progress made in answering these questions, highlighting how the integration of genome sequence data with experimental studies is providing major new insights.

Emily J. Capra

Michael T. Laub

Annual Review of Microbiology

自 1947 年出版的《微生物学年度评论》涵盖了微生物学领域的重大发展，包括细菌、古生菌、病毒和单细胞真核生物。

Since its inception in 1947, the Annual Review of Microbiology has covered significant developments in the field of microbiology, including research advancements in bacteria, archaea, viruses, and unicellular eukaryotes.

《Annual Review of Microbiology》自1947年出版以来，涵盖了微生物学领域的重要发展，包括细菌、古生菌、病毒和单细胞真核生物的研究进展。

Annu. Rev. Microbiol.

Evolution of Two-Component Signal Transduction Systems

Progress made in answering questions about the molecular basis by which two-component proteins evolve is reviewed, highlighting how the integration of genome sequence data with experimental studies is providing major new insights.

Category	Quartile
生物学	1
生物学, 微生物学	2

Evolution of Two-Component Signal Transduction Systems

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