Abstract Purpose of Review Complement activation is a key event in the pathogenesis of tissue inflammation and injury in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This review is aimed at comparing the usefulness of measurement of complement proteins in serum/plasma (C3, C4) to complement activation (split) products in plasma and on circulating blood cells for SLE diagnosis, disease monitoring, and prognosis. Recent Findings Complement split products, C3dg, iC3b, and C4d, are elevated in SLE, and C3dg/C3 and iC3b/C3 ratios correlate with active SLE. C4d also is higher in patients with lupus nephritis. An elevated level of the alternative pathway split product, Bb, in early lupus pregnancy is a predictor of adverse outcomes in SLE patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Elevated levels of cell-bound complement activation products (CB-CAPs), namely, B cell-bound C4d (BC4d) and erythrocyte-bound C4d (EC4d), within a multiparameter assay panel, may predict transition to SLE more than other lupus biomarkers. EC4d better correlates with lupus disease activity than low plasma complement levels. Elevated platelet-bound C4d (PC4d) correlates with thrombosis in SLE. Both EC4d and PC4d are increased in primary and secondary anti-phospholipid syndrome, and anti-beta2glycoproteinI antibodies may directly activate the complement system. Summary Abnormal levels of plasma complement split products and CB-CAPs support complement activation as an important pathogenetic mechanism in SLE and the antiphospholipid syndromes. These tests show promise for the diagnosis of SLE and monitoring of disease activity.

Arthur Weinstein

Roberta V. Alexander

Debra J. Zack

Current Rheumatology Reports

该杂志旨在回顾风湿病学领域最近发表的最重要的研究。通过提供国际专家的清晰、有见地、平衡的贡献，该杂志旨在为所有参与风湿病护理和预防的人提供服务。我们通过任命国际权威担任关键学科领域的编辑来实现这一目标，例如许多关节炎、骨质疏松症和代谢性骨病，以及系统性红斑狼疮。反过来，部分编辑会选择主要专家发表综合评论文章的主题，这些文章强调新的发展和最近发表的重要论文，并通过带注释的参考列表突出显示。一个国际编辑委员会审查年度目录，建议其国家/地区特别感兴趣的文章，并确保主题是最新的并包括新兴研究。偶尔也会提供该领域知名人士的评论。

Current Rheumatology Reports aims to review the most significant recent research published in the field of rheumatology. The journal serves all those involved in the care and prevention of rheumatic diseases by providing clear, insightful, and balanced contributions from international experts. We achieve this by appointing leading authorities as editors in key subject areas, including various forms of arthritis, osteoporosis, metabolic bone disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Some editors select topics for comprehensive review articles written by leading experts, highlighting new developments and important recently published papers, accompanied by annotated reference lists. An international editorial board reviews the annual catalog, recommending articles of particular interest to their countries and ensuring that topics are current and include emerging research. Occasionally, commentaries from prominent figures in the field are also provided.

《Current Rheumatology Reports》旨在回顾风湿病学领域最近发表的重要研究。该杂志通过提供国际专家的清晰、有见地和公正的贡献，服务于所有参与风湿病护理和预防的人员。我们通过任命国际权威担任关键学科领域的编辑，涵盖多个主题，如关节炎、骨质疏松症、代谢性骨病以及系统性红斑狼疮。部分编辑会选择主要专家撰写综合评论文章，强调新发展和最近发表的重要论文，并附带注释的参考列表。国际编辑委员会审查年度目录，推荐各国特别感兴趣的文章，确保主题的前沿性和新兴研究的覆盖。此外，偶尔也会提供该领域知名人士的评论。

Curr Rheumatol Rep

A Review of Complement Activation in SLE

Abnormal levels of plasma complement split products and CB-CAPs support complement activation as an important pathogenetic mechanism in SLE and the antiphospholipid syndromes.

Category	Quartile
医学	2
医学, 风湿病学	2

A Review of Complement Activation in SLE

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