Autonomic cardiac neurons have a common origin in the neural crest but undergo distinct developmental differentiation as they mature toward their adult phenotype. Progenitor cells respond to repulsive cues during migration, followed by differentiation cues from paracrine sources that promote neurochemistry and differentiation. When autonomic axons start to innervate cardiac tissue, neurotrophic factors from vascular tissue are essential for maintenance of neurons before they reach their targets, upon which target-derived trophic factors take over final maturation, synaptic strength and postnatal survival. Although target-derived neurotrophins have a central role to play in development, alternative sources of neurotrophins may also modulate innervation. Both developing and adult sympathetic neurons express proNGF, and adult parasympathetic cardiac ganglion neurons also synthesize and release NGF. The physiological function of these “non-classical” cardiac sources of neurotrophins remains to be determined, especially in relation to autocrine/paracrine sustenance during development. Cardiac autonomic nerves are closely spatially associated in cardiac plexuses, ganglia and pacemaker regions and so are sensitive to release of neurotransmitter, neuropeptides and trophic factors from adjacent nerves. As such, in many cardiac pathologies, it is an imbalance within the two arms of the autonomic system that is critical for disease progression. Although this crosstalk between sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves has been well established for adult nerves, it is unclear whether a degree of paracrine regulation occurs across the autonomic limbs during development. Aberrant nerve remodeling is a common occurrence in many adult cardiovascular pathologies, and the mechanisms regulating outgrowth or denervation are disparate. However, autonomic neurons display considerable plasticity in this regard with neurotrophins and inflammatory cytokines having a central regulatory function, including in possible neurotransmitter changes. Certainly, neurotrophins and cytokines regulate transcriptional factors in adult autonomic neurons that have vital differentiation roles in development. Particularly for parasympathetic cardiac ganglion neurons, additional examinations of developmental regulatory mechanisms will potentially aid in understanding attenuated parasympathetic function in a number of conditions, including heart failure.

Wohaib Hasan

Organogenesis

ORGANOGENESIS 是一本经过同行评审的期刊，有印刷版和在线版，发表了器官发育各个方面的重大进展。该杂志涵盖所有多细胞生物的器官发生，还包括对组织工程、人造器官和器官替代品的研究。在《器官发生》上发表的首要标准是原创性、科学价值和普遍兴趣。该杂志的读者主要由解剖学、发育生物学和组织工程的研究人员和高级学生组成。该杂志的重点是实验论文（全长和简短的交流），但它也将发表评论、假设和评论。编辑鼓励提交附录，这些附录本质上是对最近在其他地方发表的重要研究的自动评论，其中包含对相关主题的额外见解、新解释或推测。如果您有关于器官发育或人造器官的有趣数据或原始假设，请向主编发送投稿前询问。您通常会在几天内收到回复。所有手稿都将接受同行评审，被接受的手稿将立即发布到期刊的电子网站，并在此后尽早出版。

Organogenesis is a peer-reviewed journal that offers both print and online editions, focusing on significant advancements in the field of organ development. The journal covers organogenesis in all multicellular organisms and includes research on tissue engineering, artificial organs, and organ substitutes. The primary criteria for publication are originality, scientific value, and broad interest. The readership primarily consists of researchers and advanced students in anatomy, developmental biology, and tissue engineering. The journal emphasizes experimental papers (both full-length and brief communications) but also welcomes commentaries, hypotheses, and reviews. The editors encourage the submission of appendices, which are essentially automatic reviews of significant studies published elsewhere, providing additional insights, new interpretations, or speculations on relevant topics. If you have interesting data or original hypotheses regarding organ development or artificial organs, please send a pre-submission inquiry to the editor-in-chief, and you will typically receive a response within a few days. All manuscripts will undergo peer review, and accepted manuscripts will be published immediately on the journal's electronic website and subsequently in print as soon as possible.

《Organogenesis》是一本经过同行评审的期刊，提供印刷版和在线版，专注于器官发育领域的重大进展。该杂志涵盖所有多细胞生物的器官发生，并包括对组织工程、人造器官和器官替代品的研究。投稿的主要标准是原创性、科学价值和广泛的兴趣。该杂志的读者主要是解剖学、发育生物学和组织工程领域的研究人员及高级学生。期刊重点发表实验论文（包括全长论文和简短交流），同时也欢迎发表评论、假设和评论。编辑鼓励提交附录，这些附录通常是对最近在其他地方发表的重要研究的自动评论，提供对相关主题的额外见解、新解释或推测。如果您有关于器官发育或人造器官的有趣数据或原创假设，请向主编发送投稿前的询问，通常会在几天内收到回复。所有手稿都将接受同行评审，被接受的手稿将立即发布在期刊的电子网站上，并在此后尽早出版。

Autonomic cardiac innervation

Cardiac autonomic nerves are closely spatially associated in cardiac plexuses, ganglia and pacemaker regions and so are sensitive to release of neurotransmitter, neuropeptides and trophic factors from adjacent nerves, creating an imbalance within the two arms of the autonomic system that is critical for disease progression.

Category	Quartile
生物学	4
生物学, 生化与分子生物学	4
生物学, 发育生物学	4
生物学, 工程生物医学	4

Autonomic cardiac innervation

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Journal Info

Category	Quartile
ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL	4