Abstract Crowdsourcing holds great potential: macro-task crowdsourcing can, for example, contribute to work addressing climate change. Macro-task crowdsourcing aims to use the wisdom of a crowd to tackle non-trivial tasks such as wicked problems. However, macro-task crowdsourcing is labor-intensive and complex to facilitate, which limits its efficiency, effectiveness, and use. Technological advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) might overcome these limits by supporting the facilitation of crowdsourcing. However, AI’s potential for macro-task crowdsourcing facilitation needs to be better understood for this to happen. Here, we turn to affordance theory to develop this understanding. Affordances help us describe action possibilities that characterize the relationship between the facilitator and AI, within macro-task crowdsourcing. We follow a two-stage, bottom-up approach: The initial development stage is based on a structured analysis of academic literature. The subsequent validation &amp; refinement stage includes two observed macro-task crowdsourcing initiatives and six expert interviews. From our analysis, we derive seven AI affordances that support 17 facilitation activities in macro-task crowdsourcing. We also identify specific manifestations that illustrate the affordances. Our findings increase the scholarly understanding of macro-task crowdsourcing and advance the discourse on facilitation. Further, they help practitioners identify potential ways to integrate AI into crowdsourcing facilitation. These results could improve the efficiency of facilitation activities and the effectiveness of macro-task crowdsourcing.

Henner Gimpel

Vanessa Graf-Seyfried

Robert Laubacher

Oliver Meindl

Group Decision and Negotiation

期刊《集团决策与谈判》的基本理念源于不断发展的、统一的集团决策和谈判流程方法。这些过程是复杂且自组织的，涉及多人、多标准、结构不良、不断发展的动态问题。方法包括 (1) 计算机群体决策和谈判支持系统 (GDNSS)，(2) 人工智能和管理科学，(3) 应用博弈论、实验和社会选择，以及 (4) 群体决策和谈判中的认知/行为科学.许多研究结合了这些领域中的两个或多个。该杂志为理论和实证研究以及现实世界的应用和案例研究提供了出版工具。在定义群体决策和协商的领域时，“群体”一词被解释为包括所有多人情境。因此，包括提供组织范围支持的组织决策支持系统。群体决策和协商是指活动的整个过程或流程与群体决策和协商有关，不仅与最终选择本身有关，例如扫描、沟通和信息共享、问题定义（表示）和演化、替代生成和社会情感交互。描述性、规范性和设计观点是有意义的。因此, GROUP DECISION AND NEGOTIATION 广泛处理集团过程中的关系和协调。应用领域包括组织内协调（如在运营管理和集成设计、生产、财务、营销和分销中，如在新产品和全球协调中）、计算机支持协作工作、劳资谈判、国际组织谈判，（企业、政府和非营利组织——例如合资企业）、国际（跨文化）谈判、环境谈判等。该杂志还涵盖了集体决策和谈判的软件开发。

The core concept of the journal "Group Decision and Negotiation" is based on the evolving and unified processes of group decision-making and negotiation. These processes are complex and self-organizing, involving multiple parties, various criteria, poorly structured, and dynamically changing issues. The methodologies include: 1. Group Decision and Negotiation Support Systems (GDNSS); 2. Artificial Intelligence and Management Science; 3. Applications of Game Theory, Experiments, and Social Choice; and 4. Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences in Group Decision-Making and Negotiation. Many studies integrate two or more of these areas. The journal provides a platform for publishing theoretical and empirical research, as well as real-world applications and case studies. In defining the field of group decision-making and negotiation, the term "group" is interpreted broadly to include all multi-party contexts, including decision support systems that provide organizational-level support. Group decision-making and negotiation refer to the entire process related to these activities, not just the final choice itself, encompassing aspects such as scanning, communication and information sharing, problem definition and evolution, alternative generation, and social-emotional interactions. Descriptive, normative, and design perspectives are also meaningful in this context. Therefore, "Group Decision and Negotiation" extensively addresses relationships and coordination within group processes. Application areas include internal organizational coordination (such as in operations management, integrated design, production, finance, marketing, and distribution), computer-supported collaborative work, labor negotiations, international organizational negotiations (involving businesses, governments, and non-profit organizations such as joint ventures), international (cross-cultural) negotiations, environmental negotiations, and more. The journal also covers software development related to collective decision-making and negotiation.

《Group Decision and Negotiation》期刊的核心理念源于不断发展的统一的群体决策和谈判流程。这些过程复杂且自组织，涉及多方参与、多标准、结构不良和动态变化的问题。研究方法包括：1. 计算机群体决策和谈判支持系统（GDNSS）；2. 人工智能与管理科学；3. 应用博弈论、实验和社会选择；4. 群体决策和谈判中的认知与行为科学。许多研究结合了上述领域的两个或多个方面。该期刊为理论与实证研究、现实世界的应用及案例研究提供了发表平台。在定义群体决策和谈判的领域时，“群体”一词被广泛理解为所有多方参与的情境，包括为组织提供支持的决策支持系统。群体决策和谈判不仅涉及最终选择，还包括整个过程，如信息扫描、沟通与共享、问题定义与演变、替代方案生成和社会情感互动。描述性、规范性和设计视角在此领域中同样重要。因此，《Group Decision and Negotiation》广泛探讨群体过程中的关系与协调。应用领域包括组织内部的协调（如运营管理、集成设计、生产、财务、营销和分销等），计算机支持的协作工作、劳资谈判、国际组织谈判（包括企业、政府和非营利组织，如合资企业）、国际（跨文化）谈判、环境谈判等。此外，该期刊还涵盖集体决策和谈判相关的软件开发。

Category	Quartile
管理学	4
管理学, 管理学	4
管理学, 社会科学跨领域	4

Towards Artificial Intelligence Augmenting Facilitation: AI Affordances in Macro-Task Crowdsourcing

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Journal Info

Category	Quartile
SOCIAL SCIENCES, INTERDISCIPLINARY	1