Graphitic carbon nanoparticles are in high demand for sensing, health care, and manufacturing industries. Physical vapour deposition (PVD) methods are advantageous for in-situ synthesis of graphitic carbon particles due to their ability to produce large area distributions. However, the carbon particles can agglomerate, irrespective of the PVD method, and form coagulated structures while growing inside the vacuum chamber. The random shapes and sizes of these particles lead to non-uniform properties and characteristics, hence making them less attractive for numerous industrial applications, such as energy storage batteries and structural health monitoring. Therefore, the in-situ synthesis of isolated carbon particles produced in a single-step PVD process having control over size, shape, and large area distributions has remained inspiring for the past 30 years. This article gives an overview of characteristics, applications, industrial impact, and global revenue of graphite particles. A critical review on in-situ growth of graphitic carbon particles with different PVD methods is described with selected examples. A comprehensive summary compares the capability of different PVD techniques and corresponding carbon resources to produce graphitic particles with numerous sizes and shapes. Analysing the outputs of various PVD methods, a generalised four-stage model is explained to understand the in-situ growth of graphitic carbon particles, which start from seedings and grow as particles, clusters, and granular structures. It is concluded that the isolated carbon particles can be produced with specific size, shape, and distributions irrespective of the PVD method employed, by maintaining precise control over combinations of deposition system properties and process parameters.

Abdul Wasy Zia

Martin Birkett

Mohsin Ali Badshah

Munawar Iqbal

Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials

材料，尤其是晶体材料，为我们现代技术驱动的世界奠定了基础。材料的主导地位是通过详细的科学研究实现的。生长和评估各种材料的更完美晶体的技术的进步是当今许多先进技术的根源。晶体材料的演变和发展涉及由学术界和工业界的专职科学家进行的研究，涉及广泛的学科领域，包括生物学、化学、物理学、材料科学和工程学。在信息技术、光子学、能量存储和收集、环境保护、医药和食品生产中的关键应用需要对晶体生长的深入理解和控制。这可能涉及合适的生长方法和从块体到纳米尺度的材料表征。

Materials, especially crystal materials, form the foundation of our technology-driven world. The dominant role of materials is achieved through detailed scientific research. Advances in the techniques for growing and evaluating perfect crystals of various materials are the source of many advanced technologies today. The evolution and development of crystal materials involve research conducted by dedicated scientists from academia and industry, spanning a wide range of disciplines including biology, chemistry, physics, materials science, and engineering. Key applications in information technology, photonics, energy storage and collection, environmental protection, medicine, and food production require a deep understanding and control of crystal growth. This may involve suitable growth methods and characterization of materials from bulk to nanoscale.

材料，尤其是晶体材料，是现代技术驱动世界的基础。材料的主导地位通过深入的科学研究得以实现。晶体材料的生长和评估技术的进步是许多先进技术的根源。这些材料的演变和发展涉及学术界和工业界的专职科学家，涵盖生物学、化学、物理学、材料科学和工程学等多个学科领域。在信息技术、光子学、能源存储与收集、环境保护、医药和食品生产等关键应用中，对晶体生长的深入理解和控制至关重要。这可能需要采用合适的生长方法以及从宏观到纳米尺度的材料表征。

Category	Quartile
材料科学	2
材料科学, 晶体学	1
材料科学, 材料科学表征与测试	1

Progress in-situ synthesis of graphitic carbon nanoparticles with physical vapour deposition

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Journal Info

Category	Quartile
MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING	1