Whiplash-associated disorder (WAD) is the most common complaint and purported cause of chronic disability associated with motor vehicle collisions in North America. However, its construct validity remains controversial. This narrative review of the literature summarises the evidence underlying the most commonly theorised biological and psychosocial mechanisms of WAD pathogenesis. While the face validity of WAD is good, empirical evidence supporting the various constructs suggesting a causal link between a trauma mechanism and the development of symptoms is poor. Because individual expectations of recovery are outcome-predictive, future research is necessary to develop a better understanding of how to enhance expectancies in order to help affected motorists gain a greater sense of control over their health and wellbeing.

Joe H. Ghorayeb

Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association

The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association (JCCA) publishes research papers, commentaries and editorials relevant to the practice of chiropractic.

The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association (JCCA) is a journal dedicated to the practice of chiropractic, publishing research papers, commentaries, and editorials relevant to the field.

《Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association》是一本专注于脊椎按摩疗法实践的期刊，发表与脊椎按摩相关的研究论文、评论和社论。

The nosological classification of whiplash-associated disorder: a narrative review.

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