Recently, non-Hermitian Hamiltonians have gained a lot of interest, especially in optics and electronics. In particular, the existence of real eigenvalues of non-Hermitian systems has opened a wide set of possibilities, especially, but not only, for sensing applications, exploiting the physics of exceptional points. In particular, the square root dependence of the eigenvalue splitting on different design parameters, exhibited by 2 × 2 non-Hermitian Hamiltonian matrices at the exceptional point, paved the way to the integration of high-performance sensors. The square root dependence of the eigenfrequencies on the design parameters is the reason for a theoretically infinite sensitivity in the proximity of the exceptional point. Recently, higher-order exceptional points have demonstrated the possibility of achieving the nth root dependence of the eigenfrequency splitting on perturbations. However, the exceptional sensitivity to external parameters is, at the same time, the major drawback of non-Hermitian configurations, leading to the high influence of noise. In this review, the basic principles of PT-symmetric and anti-PT-symmetric Hamiltonians will be shown, both in photonics and in electronics. The influence of noise on non-Hermitian configurations will be investigated and the newest solutions to overcome these problems will be illustrated. Finally, an overview of the newest outstanding results in sensing applications of non-Hermitian photonics and electronics will be provided.

Martino De Carlo

Francesco De Leonardis

Richard A. Soref

Luigi Colatorti

Vittorio M. N. Passaro

Sensors

SENSORS (ISSN 1424-8220) 为传感器和生物传感器的科学和技术提供了一个高级论坛。它发表评论（包括对完整传感器产品的综合评论）、定期研究论文和简报。我们的目标是鼓励科学家尽可能详细地发表他们的实验和理论结果。论文的长度没有限制。必须提供完整的实验细节，以便重现结果。

"Sensors" (ISSN 1424-8220) is a high-level forum dedicated to the science and technology of sensors and biosensors. The journal publishes various types of articles, including comprehensive reviews of complete sensor products, regular research papers, and brief communications. Our aim is to encourage scientists to share their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible. There is no limit on the length of the papers, but complete experimental details must be provided to allow for the reproducibility of results.

《Sensors》（ISSN 1424-8220）是一个专注于传感器和生物传感器科学与技术的高级论坛。期刊接受各种类型的文章，包括对完整传感器产品的综合评论、定期研究论文和简报。我们的目标是鼓励科学家尽可能详细地分享他们的实验和理论结果。论文的长度没有限制，要求提供完整的实验细节，以便他人能够重现结果。

Non-Hermitian Sensing in Photonics and Electronics: A Review

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