Advances in molecular biology and molecular genetics as well as major scientific breakthroughs in immunology and oncology have led to the rapid growth of biologic therapeutics. Their success has resulted in significant changes to virtually every step in the drug discovery and development process. Biologics are produced by living organisms, and screening libraries are generated by immunization or phage display. Lead optimization utilizes sophisticated protein engineering to improve drug-like properties and targeting specificity. The manufacturing process for biologics is complex and requires highly specialized facilities. Determination of pharmacology and safety must overcome the complications associated with species specificity. Initial clinical testing must proceed more slowly and carefully due to the limited predictive utility of preclinical data. In summary, the drug discovery and development process has been dramatically altered by biologic therapeutics and will continue to evolve with the introduction of messenger RNA-based therapeutics and the application of artificial intelligence.

Paul McGonigle

The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology

自 1961 年出版的《药理学和毒理学年度评论》涵盖了药理学和毒理学领域的重大发展，包括受体、转运蛋白、酶和化学试剂；药物开发科学；免疫系统、中枢和自主神经系统、胃肠系统、心血管系统、内分泌系统和肺系统等系统；和专题。

The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, published since 1961, covers significant developments in the fields of pharmacology and toxicology, including research on receptors, transport proteins, enzymes, and chemical agents; the science of drug development; and topics related to various systems such as the immune system, central and autonomic nervous systems, gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular system, endocrine system, and pulmonary system.

《Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology》自1961年出版，涵盖了药理学和毒理学领域的重要进展，包括受体、转运蛋白、酶和化学试剂的研究；药物开发的科学；以及免疫系统、中枢神经系统、自主神经系统、胃肠系统、心血管系统、内分泌系统和肺系统等多个系统的相关内容。

Category	Quartile
医学	1
医学, 药学	1
医学, 毒理学	1

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