Abstract Passive constructions in English ( be+past participle ) and French ( être+past participle ) were inventoried on a text-per-text basis in a bi-directional French/English corpus. The corpus consisted of 70 (35 × 2) original source texts in each language, 70 (35 × 2) target texts produced by human translators, and the same number of target texts obtained by machine translation with DeepL Pro. Passive constructions were found to be about 70% more frequent in original English than in original French. In the corpora of translated texts, no large disparities were observed, with the exception of French texts translated from English by DeepL, which contained around 40% more passive constructions than original French texts. Correlations between frequencies of analogous passive constructions in pairs of source and target texts were statistically significant and stronger for machine translations than for human translations. Manual analysis of random samples of source/target pairs showed less regular correspondence between the two analogous constructions as counterparts for one another, and greater diversity among alternative translation counterparts in human translation compared with machine translation.

Daniel Henkel

Across Languages and Cultures

Across Languages and Cultures publishes original articles and reviews on all sub-disciplines of Translation and Interpreting (T/I) Studies: general T/I theory, descriptive T/I studies and applied T/I studies. Special emphasis is laid on the questions of multilingualism, language policy and translation policy. Publications on new research methods and models are encouraged. Publishes book reviews, news, announcements and advertisements.

The journal "Across Languages and Cultures" publishes original articles and reviews on all sub-disciplines of Translation and Interpreting (T/I) Studies, including general T/I theory, descriptive T/I studies, and applied T/I studies. It places special emphasis on issues related to multilingualism, language policy, and translation policy. Publications on new research methods and models are encouraged. The journal also includes book reviews, news, announcements, and advertisements.

《Across Languages and Cultures》期刊发表关于翻译与口译研究所有子学科的原创文章和评论，包括一般翻译与口译理论、描述性翻译与口译研究以及应用翻译与口译研究。特别强调多语言环境、语言政策和翻译政策等问题。鼓励发表关于新研究方法和模型的文章。此外，期刊还会刊登书评、新闻、公告和广告。

Category	Quartile
文学	3
文学, 语言与语言学	3
文学, 语言学	4

Passive constructions in En/Fr human and machine translation

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