Background: Ureteroscopy allows visualization of urethral segments, bladder, and ureteral endings, aiding diagnosis and intervention in various conditions not always evident with other imaging methods. Equine ureteroscopy diagnoses urinary tract diseases like lithiasis, infection, neoplasia, or hematuria. Cystoscopic examination enables targeted interventions like ureteral sampling, bladder biopsy, and urolith fragment removal. This study outlines a technique using flexible retrograde endoscopy in mares, with air insufflation facilitating examination of the ureters and renal pelvis. Materials, Methods &amp; Results: The study was carried out in 12 previously fasted (Food was withheld for 12 h and water was withheld for 6 h before the procedures healthy mares of different breeds (thoroughbred, Criollo and mixed breeds). These animals had an average weight of 439 kg, aged 3-17-year-old. The mares had no recent history of any disease and were considered healthy based on physical examination and routine hematological and biochemical examination. The procedures were carried out at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), in the Large Animal Sector. The animals were physically restrained and had their tails covered with dressings and bandage material to maintain the perineal area clean. The genitalia and perianal region were washed with running tap water, after which the bladder was emptied by urethral catheter number 20. The mares were sedated and 15 min after sedation a flexible endoscope1 with a diameter of 5 mm and length of 100 cm previously sterilized in ethylene oxide was introduced by the external urethral ostium an endoscope 5 mm in diameter flexible and 100 cm in length was inserted through the urethra into the bladder where the ureteral ostia were identified. With a flexible polyethylene probe containing atraumatic metallic tip, the catheterization of the ureters was performed to guide the insertion of the endoscope to the renal pelvis. The ureter and left kidney were inspected in 8 mares and the ureter and right kidney in 4 mares. No complication or discomfort was observed after the procedure. This study demonstrated for the first time the viability of ureterino-nephroscopy using air insufflation to dilate the ureters in standing mares using a novel diagnostic modality that also allows to perform therapeutic interventions in certain diseases that affect the equine ureters and kidneys. Discussion: Ureteroscopy was performed successfully in mares, which allowed observation to the renal pelvis, although there were some limitations, such as the length of the cystoscope, which was used. In one of the mares, it needed to be about 2 cm longer in order to reach the renal pelvis. The anatomical conformation of the bladder and the ureter of some of the mares prevented the ureteroscope from entering the ureter. In these cases, a metal tube was used, serving as a guide for the endoscope, suspending the bladder and allowing access to the ureter. Lastly, the non-cooperative behavior of one of the mares made it impossible to perform the examination, even with sedation and physical restraint. This animal had to be replaced in this investigation. In this investigation no ureteral or renal changes were found. The authors believe that if abnormalities were present, they would be easily noted, since the ureter and renal pelvis were straightforwardly evaluated and in its entirety. Keywords: equine, ureteroscopy, diagnostic, kidneys, pyelonephritis.

Lilian Pamela Tapia Carreno Dornbusch

Lucimara Strugava

Jéssica Rodrigues da Silva

Monalisa Lukascek de Castro

Ivan Roque de Barros Filho

Fabiano Montiani Ferreira

Juan Carlos Duque Moreno

Peterson Triches Dornbusch

ACTA SCIENTIAE VETERINARIAE

ASV 关注的论文涉及疾病预防、临床和内科、病理学、外科、流行病学、免疫学、诊断和治疗程序的各个方面，以及应用的生理学、生物化学、免疫化学、遗传学、细胞和分子生物学的基础研究到兽医领域并作为与公共卫生的接口。提交手稿意味着相同的作品尚未发表，也没有考虑在其他地方发表。稿件应首先在线提交给编辑。没有页面费用，只有提交费。

The journal "Acta Scientiae Veterinariae" focuses on papers covering various aspects of disease prevention, clinical and internal medicine, pathology, surgery, epidemiology, immunology, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. It also includes fundamental research in applied physiology, biochemistry, immunochemistry, genetics, cellular and molecular biology, aimed at applying these findings to veterinary practice and their interface with public health. Submitted manuscripts must be original works that have not been published elsewhere or considered for publication. Manuscripts should be submitted online to the editor first. There are no page charges, only a submission fee.

《Acta Scientiae Veterinariae》关注的论文涵盖了疾病预防、临床和内科、病理学、外科、流行病学、免疫学、诊断和治疗程序的各个方面。此外，还包括应用生理学、生物化学、免疫化学、遗传学、细胞和分子生物学的基础研究，旨在将这些领域的研究成果应用于兽医实践，并与公共卫生领域相结合。提交的手稿必须是未曾发表的作品，且不应考虑在其他地方发表。稿件应首先在线提交给编辑。期刊不收取页面费用，仅收取提交费。

Category	Quartile
农林科学	4
农林科学, 兽医学	4

Uretero-Nephroscopy Standardization in Mares with Air Insufflation

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Journal Info

Category	Quartile
VETERINARY SCIENCES	4