Abstract Bioprinting has demonstrated great advantages in tissue and organ regeneration. However, constructing large-scale tissue and organs in vitro is still a huge challenge due to the lack of some strategies for loading multiple types of cells precisely while maintaining nutrient channels. Here, a new 3D bioprinting strategy was proposed to construct large-scale vascularized tissue. A mixture of gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) and sodium alginate (Alg) was used as a bioink, serving as the outer and middle layers of a single filament in the triaxial printing process, and loaded with human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells, respectively, while a calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ) solution was used as the inner layer. The CaCl 2 solution crosslinked with the middle layer bioink during the printing process to form and maintain hollow nutrient channels, then a stable large-scale construct was obtained through photopolymerization and ion crosslinking after printing. The feasibility of this strategy was verified by investigating the properties of the bioink and construct, and the biological performance of the vascularized construct. The results showed that a mixture of 5% (w/v) GelMA and 1% (w/v) Alg bioink could be printed at room temperature with good printability and perfusion capacity. Then, the construct with and without channels was fabricated and characterized, and the results revealed that the construct with channels had a similar degradation profile to that without channels, but lower compressive modulus and higher swelling rate. Biological investigation showed that the construct with channels was more favorable for cell survival, proliferation, diffusion, migration, and vascular network formation. In summary, it was demonstrated that constructing large-scale vascularized tissue by triaxial printing that can precisely encapsulate multiple types of cells and form nutrient channels simultaneously was feasible, and this technology could be used to prepare large-scale vascularized constructs.

Junbiao Zhang

Srisurang Suttapreyasri

Chidchanok Leethanakul

Bancha Samruajbenjakun

Biomedical Materials

该期刊的目标是发表原创研究成果和批判性评论，以帮助我们了解与人类医疗保健相关的所有应用材料的成分、特性和性能。典型的关注领域包括（但不限于）： -生物医学材料的合成/表征-生物医学材料的自然合成/生物矿化-生物医学材料的体外/体内性能-生物制造技术/应用：3D生物打印、生物墨水开发、生物组装和生物图案化-微流体系统（包括疾病模型） : 制造、测试和转化应用-组织工程/再生医学-分子/细胞与材料的相互作用-生物材料对干细胞行为的影响-生物医学材料中的生长因子/基因/细胞-生物医学材料性能中的生物物理线索/生物相容性途径-C生物医学材料的临床应用疾病（癌症等）的治疗 - 纳米医学、纳米毒理学和纳米病理学 - 药物输送系统中的药代动力学考虑 - 成像系统中造影剂的风险 - 基因输送剂的生物安全方面 - 可植入生物医学材料的临床前和临床性能 - 转化和监管事项

The journal Biomedical Materials (Bristol) aims to publish original research findings and critical reviews to enhance our understanding of the composition, characteristics, and performance of various application materials related to human healthcare. The typical areas of focus include, but are not limited to: synthesis and characterization of biomedical materials, natural synthesis and biomineralization of biomedical materials, in vitro and in vivo performance of biomedical materials, biomanufacturing technologies and applications (such as 3D bioprinting, bioink development, bioassembly, and biopatterning), manufacturing, testing, and translational applications of microfluidic systems (including disease models), tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, interactions between molecules/cells and materials, the influence of biomaterials on stem cell behavior, growth factors, genes, and cells in biomaterials, biophysical cues and biocompatibility pathways in biomaterials performance, clinical applications of biomaterials in treating diseases (such as cancer), nanomedicine, nanotoxicology, and nanopathology, pharmacokinetic considerations in drug delivery systems, risks of contrast agents in imaging systems, biosafety aspects of gene delivery agents, preclinical and clinical performance of implantable biomedical materials, and translational and regulatory matters.

《Biomedical Materials (Bristol)》期刊旨在发表原创研究成果和批判性评论，以增进我们对与人类医疗保健相关的各种应用材料的成分、特性和性能的理解。期刊关注的领域包括但不限于：生物医学材料的合成与表征、生物医学材料的自然合成与生物矿化、生物医学材料的体外与体内性能、生物制造技术与应用（如3D生物打印、生物墨水开发、生物组装和生物图案化）、微流体系统（包括疾病模型）的制造、测试与转化应用、组织工程与再生医学、分子与细胞与材料的相互作用、生物材料对干细胞行为的影响、生物医学材料中的生长因子、基因与细胞、生物医学材料性能中的生物物理线索与生物相容性途径、生物医学材料在临床应用中的作用（如癌症等疾病的治疗）、纳米医学、纳米毒理学与纳米病理学、药物输送系统中的药代动力学考虑、成像系统中造影剂的风险、基因输送剂的生物安全性、可植入生物医学材料的临床前与临床性能，以及转化与监管事项。

Category	Quartile
医学	3
医学, 工程生物医学	4
医学, 材料科学生物材料	4

Triaxial bioprinting large-size vascularized constructs with nutrient channels

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Category	Quartile
MATERIALS SCIENCE, BIOMATERIALS	3