ABSTRACT Biogas, consisting mainly of CO2 and CH4, offers a sustainable source of energy. However, this gaseous stream has been undervalued in wastewater treatment plants owing to its high CO2 content. Biogas upgrading by capturing CO2 broadens its utilisation as a substitute for natural gas. Although biogas upgrading is a widely studied topic, only up to 35% of produced raw biogas is upgraded in the world. To open avenues for development research on biogas upgrading, this paper reviews biogas as a component in global renewable energy production and upgrading technologies focusing on electrochemically driven CO2 capture systems. Recent progress in electrochemical CO2 separation including its energy requirement, CO2 recovery rate, and challenges for upscaling are critically explored. Electrochemical CO2 separation systems stand out for achieving the most affordable technology among the upgrading systems with a low net energy requirement of 0.25 kWh/kg CO2. However, its lower CO2 recovery rate compared to conventional technologies, which leads to high capital expenditure limits the commercialisation of this technology. In the last part of this review, the future perspectives to overcome the challenges associated with electrochemical CO2 capture are discussed.

Hossein Mohammadpour

Ka Yu Cheng

Almantas Pivrikas

Goen Ho

Water Science & Technology

WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 发表关于水和废水科学技术各个方面的同行评议论文。论文通过严格的同行评审程序选择，旨在快速和广泛地传播研究成果、新技术的开发和应用以及相关的管理和政策问题。科学家、工程师、顾问、管理人员和政策制定者会发现这本期刊作为研究活动及其实际应用进展的永久记录是必不可少的。

The journal "Water Science and Technology" publishes peer-reviewed papers on all aspects of water and wastewater science and technology. Papers are selected through a rigorous peer review process, aimed at the rapid and broad dissemination of research findings, the development and application of new technologies, and related management and policy issues. Scientists, engineers, consultants, managers, and policymakers will find this journal an essential record of the progress of research activities and their practical applications.

《Water Science and Technology》期刊发表关于水和废水科学技术各个方面的同行评审论文。所有论文经过严格的同行评审程序，旨在快速而广泛地传播研究成果、新技术的开发与应用，以及相关的管理和政策问题。科学家、工程师、顾问、管理人员和政策制定者将发现，这本期刊是研究活动及其实际应用进展的重要记录。

Category	Quartile
环境科学与生态学	4
环境科学与生态学, 工程环境	4
环境科学与生态学, 环境科学	4
环境科学与生态学, 水资源	4

A review of biogas upgrading technologies: key emphasis on electrochemical systems

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