Mosquitoes serve as vectors for life-threatening parasitic diseases, presenting a continuous threat throughout human history. This has resulted in the extensive utilization of various mosquito repellents, including liquid mosquito repellents (LMRs), roll-ons, and topical creams. While these products demonstrate significant efficacy, the toxicological implications associated with their use are not yet fully understood and continue to be a subject of debate. The analysis conducted using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) on LMR revealed the presence of 158 distinct compounds, among which were Piperazine 2,5-dimethyl propyl and a range of hydrocarbons. The analysis of network toxicology indicated that 78 of the examined compounds contravened Lipinski's rule of five and exhibited considerable overlap with target genes associated with lung cancer pathways, thereby highlighting potential concerns regarding their carcinogenic properties. The exposure of zebrafish embryos to LMR concentrations between 0.1 and 14 µg/mL resulted in developmental toxicity assays that demonstrated a dose-dependent escalation in mortality rates and the occurrence of morphological abnormalities, such as pericardial edema and skeletal deformities. Behavioral assays demonstrated a marked decrease in locomotor activity at elevated LMR concentrations, indicating potential neurotoxic effects. Biochemical analyses revealed elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), enhanced lipid peroxidation, and diminished glutathione, which are indicative of oxidative stress. Enzyme activity assays indicated a reduction in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, alongside an increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, which suggests the occurrence of cellular damage. Analysis of gene expression demonstrated significant dysregulation in genes associated with oxidative stress (SOD1, CAT), inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-1β), apoptotic regulators (p53, bcl2), and neurobiological genes (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, bdnf). The results highlight the possible health hazards linked to LMR exposure, which manifest as developmental, biochemical, and genetic alterations in zebrafish embryos.

Gokul Sudhakaran

Karthikeyan Ramamurthy

V. N. Dhaareshwar

R. Rajakrishnan

Ahmed Alfarhan

Jesu Arockiaraj

Drug and Chemical Toxicology

DRUG AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY 发表完整的研究论文、评论文章和简短的通讯，其中包含围绕风险评估和有害暴露的广泛毒理学数据。稿件根据其与期刊的相关性进行考虑。主题包括描述性和力学研究，说明接触有毒物质的风险评估影响。合适主题的示例包括毒理学研究，即对剂量、代谢和基于统计或基于机制的风险评估方法影响的结构检查。新的发现和方法以及安全性评估也是可以接受的。可以保留特刊以发表专题讨论会摘要、毒理学评论以及毒理学数据的实际解释和应用概述。

The journal "Drug and Chemical Toxicology" publishes complete research papers, review articles, and brief communications that encompass a wide range of toxicological data related to risk assessment and harmful exposures. Manuscripts are considered based on their relevance to the journal's themes. Suitable topics include descriptive and mechanistic studies that examine the impact of exposure to toxic substances on risk assessment. Examples of appropriate topics include toxicological research, particularly structural analyses of the effects of dose, metabolism, and statistical or mechanistic risk assessment methods. New findings, methodologies, and safety assessments are also accepted. Additionally, special issues may be reserved for publishing abstracts of symposium discussions, toxicological reviews, and practical interpretations and applications of toxicological data.

《Drug and Chemical Toxicology》期刊发表完整的研究论文、评论文章和简短的通讯，涵盖与风险评估和有害暴露相关的广泛毒理学数据。稿件将根据其与期刊主题的相关性进行考虑。适合的主题包括描述性和机制研究，探讨接触有毒物质的风险评估影响。合适的主题示例包括毒理学研究，特别是对剂量、代谢以及基于统计或机制的风险评估方法的影响进行结构性分析。新的发现、方法以及安全性评估也被接受。此外，期刊还会保留特刊，以发表专题讨论会摘要、毒理学评论以及毒理学数据的实际解释和应用概述。

Category	Quartile
医学	4
医学, 化学综合	3
医学, 药学	4
医学, 毒理学	4

Liquid mosquito repellent induces toxic effects in zebrafish

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