Impatience—the failure to wait or tolerate delayed rewards (e.g. food, drug and monetary incentives)—is a common behavioural tendency in humans. However, when rigidly and rapidly expressed with limited regard for future, often negative consequences, impatient or impulsive actions underlie and confer susceptibility for such diverse brain disorders as drug addiction, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and major depressive disorder. Consequently, ‘waiting’ impulsivity has emerged as a candidate endophenotype to inform translational research on underlying neurobiological mechanisms and biomarker discovery for many of the so-called impulse-control disorders. Indeed, as reviewed in this article, this research enterprise has revealed a number of unexpected targets and mechanisms for intervention. However, in the context of drug addiction, impulsive decisions that maximize short-term gains (e.g. acute drug consumption) over longer-term punishment (e.g. unemployment, homelessness, personal harm) defines one aspect of impulsivity, which may or may not be related to rapid, unrestrained actions over shorter timescales. We discuss the relevance of this distinction in impulsivity subtypes for drug addiction with reference to translational research in humans and other animals. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications’.

Jeffrey W. Dalley

Karen D. Ersche

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences

该杂志发表生命科学领域的主题。只要核心学科在生物科学之内，一些问题还可能包括内容跨越到其他领域，如物理科学、社会科学、生物物理学、政策、经济学等。问题通常位于四个广泛的领域（尽管许多问题属于跨越这些领域）：有机体、环境和进化生物学神经科学和认知细胞、分子和发育生物学健康和疾病。

The journal "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" focuses on research in the field of biological sciences. As long as the core discipline falls within biological sciences, related issues may also span other fields such as physical sciences, social sciences, biophysics, policy, and economics. The journal typically covers four broad areas, although many issues cross these boundaries: organismal, environmental and evolutionary biology; neuroscience and cognition; cellular, molecular and developmental biology; health and disease.

《Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences》杂志专注于生命科学领域的研究。只要核心学科属于生物科学，相关问题也可能涉及其他领域，如物理科学、社会科学、生物物理学、政策和经济学等。期刊通常涵盖四个广泛的领域，尽管许多问题跨越这些领域：有机体、环境与进化生物学、神经科学与认知、细胞、分子与发育生物学、健康与疾病。

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Neural circuitry and mechanisms of waiting impulsivity: relevance to addiction

In the context of drug addiction, impulsive decisions that maximize short-term gains over longer-term punishment defines one aspect of impulsivity, which may or may not be related to rapid, unrestrained actions over shorter timescales.

Category	Quartile
生物学	2
生物学, 生物学	2

Neural circuitry and mechanisms of waiting impulsivity: relevance to addiction

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