The Hadley circulation (HC) is a global-scale atmospheric feature with air descending in the subtropics and ascending in the tropics, which plays a fundamental role in Earth's climate because it transports energy polewards and moisture equatorwards. Theoretically, as a consequence of anthropogenic climate change, the HC is expected to expand polewards, while indications on the HC strength are equivocal, as weakening and strengthening are expected in response to different mechanisms. In fact, there is a general agreement among reanalyses and climate simulations that the HC has significantly widened in the last four decades and it will continue widening in the future, but there is no consensus on past and future changes of the HC strength. Substantial uncertainties are produced by the effects of natural variability, structural deficiencies in climate models and reanalyses, and the influence of other forcing factors, such as anthropogenic aerosols, black carbon, and stratospheric and tropospheric ozone. The global HC can be decomposed into three regional HCs, associated with ascending motion above Equatorial Africa, the Maritime Continent, and Equatorial America, which have evolved differently during the last decades. Climate projections suggest a generalized expansion in the Southern Hemisphere, but a complex regional expansion/contraction pattern in the Northern Hemisphere.

Piero Lionello

Roberta D'Agostino

David Ferreira

Hanh Nguyen

Martin S. Singh

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

代表纽约科学院出版的《纽约科学院年鉴》为当前科学兴趣的研究提供了多学科视角，对更广泛的科学界和整个社会具有深远的影响。在新兴发展提供新见解的承诺之际，每期特刊都汇集了该研究领域关键贡献者的最佳思想。个别主题的年鉴特刊通过提供一个中立的讨论论坛——在许多机构和领域内和跨领域，激发了思考科学的新方式。

The Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences is a journal published by the New York Academy of Sciences that offers a multidisciplinary perspective on current scientific research interests, having a profound impact on the broader scientific community and society as a whole. Each special issue gathers the best thoughts from key contributors in the field, committed to providing new insights into emerging developments. The annual special issues on individual topics serve as a neutral discussion forum, stimulating new ways of thinking about science across various institutions and disciplines.

《Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences》是由纽约科学院出版的期刊，提供了多学科视角，关注当前科学研究的热点问题，对科学界和社会产生了深远的影响。每期特刊汇集了该研究领域内关键贡献者的最佳思想，承诺为新兴发展提供新的见解。个别主题的年鉴特刊通过提供一个中立的讨论论坛，激发了跨领域的科学思考，促进了不同机构和领域之间的交流。

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The Hadley circulation in a changing climate

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Category	Quartile
MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES	1