Immunotherapy has emerged as a transformative approach in the treatment of various cancers, offering new hope for patients previously faced with limited treatment options. A cornerstone of cancer immunotherapy lies in targeting immune checkpoints, particularly the programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway. Immune checkpoints serve as crucial regulators of the immune response, preventing excessive immune activity and maintaining self-tolerance. PD-1, expressed on the surface of T cells, and its ligand PD-L1, expressed on various cell types, including cancer cells and immune cells, play a central role in this regulatory process. Although the success rate associated with these immunotherapies is very promising, most patients still show intrinsic or acquired resistance. Since the mechanisms related to PD-1/PD-L1 resistance are not well understood, an in-depth analysis is necessary to improve the success rate of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. Hence, here we provide an overview of PD-1, its ligand PD-L1, and the resistance mechanism towards PD-1/PD-L1. Furthermore, we have discussed the plausible solution to increase efficacy and clinical response. For the following research, joint endeavours of clinicians and basic scientists are essential to address the limitation of resistance towards immunotherapy.

Sidhartha Singh

Navneet Singh

Manoj Baranwal

Siddharth Sharma

S S Kirthiga Devi

Sandeep Kumar

3 Biotech

3 BIOTECH 将与生物技术研究和应用相关的最新研究结果发布到：- 医学和生物医学科学- 农业- 环境 对这三个技术领域的关注认识到，完整的生物技术应用通常需要多种技术的组合。 3 BIOTECH 不仅展示了生物技术的最新发展，还解决了针对特定应用整合各种技术的问题和益处。 3 生物技术将吸引学术界和工业界的科学家和工程师，他们专注于将生物技术安全有效地应用于医学、农业和环境。

The journal 3 Biotech is dedicated to publishing the latest research findings related to biotechnology research and applications in three key areas: medical and biomedical sciences, agriculture, and the environment. We recognize that the comprehensive application of biotechnology often requires a combination of various technologies. 3 Biotech not only showcases the latest developments in biotechnology but also addresses the challenges and benefits of integrating different technologies for specific applications. This journal will attract scientists and engineers from both academia and industry who focus on the safe and effective application of biotechnology in medicine, agriculture, and the environment.

《3 Biotech》期刊致力于发布与生物技术研究和应用相关的最新成果，涵盖以下三个领域：医学与生物医学科学、农业以及环境科学。我们认识到，生物技术的完整应用通常需要多种技术的结合。《3 Biotech》不仅展示生物技术的最新进展，还探讨了在特定应用中整合多种技术的挑战与益处。该期刊将吸引专注于安全有效地将生物技术应用于医学、农业和环境的学术界和工业界的科学家与工程师。

Understanding immune checkpoints and PD-1/PD-L1-mediated immune resistance towards tumour immunotherapy.

An in-depth analysis is necessary to improve the success rate of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy and the plausible solution to increase efficacy and clinical response is discussed.

Category	Quartile
生物学	4
生物学, 生物工程与应用微生物	4

Understanding immune checkpoints and PD-1/PD-L1-mediated immune resistance towards tumour immunotherapy.

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Journal Info

Category	Quartile
BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY	3