Acta Poloniae Historica

The article looks into the participation of the bishop ordinary of the diocese of Vilnius, Kazimierz Konstanty Brzostowski, and his suffragan, Maciej Józef Ancuta, in Lithuanian politics of the period between 1709 and 1717. The study has been based on the letters written by the bishops to the Lithuanian chancellor. It examines the bishops’ attitude towards Russian contributions, the taxation of Church estates, the arbitrary contributions raised by the Lithuanian army, the introduction of Saxon troops in 1713, the reaction to the king’s policies, and the attitude towards the nationwide uprising against the Saxon troops known as the confederations of Tarnogród and Vilnius. Finally, the bishops’ opinion on Russian mediation and the notorious Silent Sejm, where it was agreed that the liberum veto would be invalid. The bishops of the diocese of Vilnius were rather indifferent to the internal problems of Lithuania. They defended the immunity of the Church estates and disapproved of the introduction of Saxon troops. However, when the confederations were formed, they tried to manoeuvre between the noble and royal camps, not wanting to ruin their reputation on either side. The bishops often spoke on behalf of the diocesan clergy. Therefore, their adopted posture was often the expression of the opinion of the whole diocese’s clergy.

Mindaugas Šapoka

The Bishops of the Diocese of Vilnius and Lithuanian Domestic Politics in 1709–17: Attitudes, Problems, and Solutions

维尔纽斯主教与立陶宛国内政治（1709-17年）：态度、问题与解决方案

The paper deals with contacts between Polish King and Lithuanian Grand Duke Stefan Báthory (1576–86) and the Serbian monks from Hilandar Monastery on Mount Athos. The contacts are presented based on a model letter found in the letter-writing manual from the Hilandar Archive (no. 153). The monks asked Báthory for the introductory and travel letters for their journey to Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, where they would search for new benefactors [ktetors] and financial assistance from the Ruthenian Orthodox Christians. The model letter, supported by other written sources, also sheds light on the general characteristics of contacts with Catholic Polish-Lithuanian authorities and other rulers who mediated intercultural relations between the Ruthenian Orthodox Church and the Serbian (and Balkan in general) monastic milieus. These relations had a special significance for the group (confessional-cultural) identity of the Ruthenian Orthodox Christians and their tradition in the Counter-Reformation climate due to the proselytic policy and polemical attacks in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Paweł Dziadul

Assessing the Contacts between Stefan Báthory and the Serbian Monks from Hilandar Monastery on Mount Athos in the Light of a Sixteenth-Century Model Letter

评估十六世纪一封范本信件中的斯蒂芬·巴托里与阿索斯山希兰达尔修道院塞尔维亚修士之间的联系

In the last two decades, the topic of help given to Jews during the Second World War has experienced an extraordinary boom in Europe and beyond. Transnational and intergovernmental organisations such as the Council of Europe, the European Parliament and the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) have played an essential role in promoting this subject. This paper shows that the first big event to introduce the category of the Righteous into transnational memory politics was the Stockholm International Forum on the Holocaust (2000). Researchers have described the conference as a significant step toward the ‘institutionalisation of a European memory’ and promoting a self-critical, victim-centred, future-oriented and highly personalised Holocaust remembrance. I argue that it was precisely the universalisation of the Holocaust and the notion of a wide-ranging implication of European societies in the genocide, which paved the way for the rescue narratives. However, as this paper demonstrates, the participants in the conference defined the Righteous differently and invoked them for divergent purposes.

Zofia Wóycicka

The ‘Righteous’ as an Element of Transnational Memory Politics: The Stockholm International Forum on the Holocaust and the Memory of the Rescue of Jews during the Second World War

“正义”作为跨国记忆政治的一个元素：斯德哥尔摩国际论坛与二战期间拯救犹太人记忆

This article (or rather this essay) demonstrates several possibilities for a slightly different perspective on not so much everyday life during the occupation but on everyday lives. Only within the framework of the German occupation, which from the summer of 1941 covered almost the entire pre-war territory of Poland, the range of differences, both between administrative units (e.g., the General Government, the Wartheland or the Eastern Borderlands) as well as within them, between city and countryside, between individual social, professional, ethnic and age groups, was vast. The occupation was not a static and homogeneous phenomenon but a diverse and dynamic one, full of complex interactions. This text, based variously on the subject literature, published and archival sources (Polish and German), clandestine and official press, focuses on the following phenomena: the situation of Polish officials working for the occupation administration, mobility (both spatial and social – horizontal and vertical), relations between the city and the countryside, the breakdown of social norms, the wartime economy (with a greater than usually considered subjectivity of Polish actors) or the process of ‘taming’ the occupation (including terror), both materially and psychologically. The text may be treated as encouragement and invitation to interdisciplinary, methodologically innovative, cross-sectional research on Polish society during the Second World War.

Jerzy Kochanowski

Everyday Lives in Occupied Poland. Some Ideas for a (Slightly) Different View

被占领波兰的日常生活：一些（略微）不同的视角

November 1936 saw the blockade of the University of Warsaw, an occupational strike organised by far-right students demanding the introduction of the so-called ‘ghetto benches’ for Jewish students. This article draws a social portrait of the ordinary participants in the blockade and analyses their motivations. I argue that the socialisation of youth into exemplary citizens of a modern nation-state created a fertile ground for far-right organisations and their demands. Moreover, the largest student association, the Fraternal Aid Society, became a space for self-organisation into extreme nationalist politics. Its leaders tapped into the positive motivations of youth, i.e. the search for a sense of belonging and the desire of individuals to fit into the normative order of the community. My examination of the blockade offers a unique insight into the academic background of the far-right and its means of political mobilisation.

Izabela Mrzygłód

Decent Citizens Serving Chauvinism. Social Portrait of Students Participating in the Blockade of the University of Warsaw in 1936

体面公民服务沙文主义：1936年华沙大学封锁事件中学生的社会画像

This article explores the introduction and consolidation of Christian rulership ideology in medieval Poland and Norway. Both realms started to be integrated into the Christian European culture around the turn of the first millennium, marked by the introduction of Christianity and the establishment of a kingdom with a Christian rulership ideology imported from Latin Europe. However, the adoption of this ideology and its repercussions were substantially different in the two realms. In both countries, introducing the new ideology increased political tensions, as its notion of undivided power made sharing power a more delicate issue. However, the way that these tensions played out in the two realms differed substantially. In Poland, the new ideology acquired a specific, non-royal dimension, and the result was that Poland was divided into several political entities. In Norway, the new rulership ideology became focused at the rank of kings and promoted sole kingship, which resulted in intense political and ideological struggles. In the long run, however, the ideology of Christian rulership led to consolidated kingdoms in both realms, albeit earlier in Norway (1240) than in Poland (1320).

Zbigniew Dalewski

Hans Jacob Orning

Making Christian Rulership on the Peripheries of the Latin World

在拉丁世界边缘建立基督教统治

The medieval origin narratives of both Poland and Norway feature dynastic founders who came to power following a ritualistic haircut. In the Polish tradition, Siemowit of the Piast dynasty is anointed duke after his coming-of-age haircut, which is administered by two mysterious strangers; in the Norwegian version, Harald Fairhair vows to only cut his hair after he has united the realm. In both traditions, the transfer of power to these new rulers is also symbolised by a feast that vanishes from the table of a previous ruler and materialises before the dynastic founder. This chapter examines these narratives and compares their use of haircutting and feasting motifs to explore the transmission of royal authority both within and between ruling dynasties. Two traditions are explored from each arena: Gallus Anonymus’s Gesta principum Polonorum and Kadłubek’s Chronica Polonorum from Poland; and Fagrskinna and Snorri Sturluson’s Heimskringla from Norway. In comparing how the haircutting tradition in each polity evolved, we gain profound insights into their authors’ approach towards the development of dynastic power and the structure of dynastic history. In particular, we consider how these authors rationalised the concept of dynastic fragmentation and the rise of rival claimants as these elements came to dominate the political struggles of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Broadly speaking, we conclude that Polish historiography sought to cut away rival dynasts, whereas Norwegian traditions visualised competing dynastic branches as locks of hair cascading from one head.

Ben Allport

Rafał Rutkowski

Trimming the Tangle of Legend: Heroic Haircuts, Materialising Meals, and the Legitimisation of Dynastic Succession in Norwegian and Polish Foundation Narratives

修剪传奇的纷乱：英雄的发型、物质的盛宴与挪威和波兰建国叙事中的王朝继承合法化

The present text brings to light the social and political challenges of reuniting with families among members of the Great Emigration and the intricate question of the possibility of travel and permanent or partial return from emigration. These questions are examined through two case studies: that of Władysław Zamoyski and his three attempts at a short-term reunion with his family, and that of Józef Głębocki and his struggles to obtain a one-year return to Austrian Galicia. The main focus of the analysis is the communication between the emigrants, their family members, and representatives of the Austrian Empire. Despite many differences, the same elements can be found in both cases, such as the emphasis on the emotional difficulty of emigration for the emigrants and their families and the desire to be reunited with elderly and sick parents. Declarations of non-political purposes of the return to Austria and financial guarantees of material assets of the émigrés are mentioned as arguments for their cases. At the same time, the analysed cases also shed light on the societal and political challenges faced by the emigrants when communicating with Austrian authorities and the problem of the long-term consequences of the partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Oliver Zajac

“I Thank My Lucky Star for the Time spent with my Family”: Efforts to Reunite with Families among Members of the Great Emigration

“感谢幸运星让我与家人共度的时光”：大移民成员与家人团聚的努力

The articles in the volume demonstrate that comparative history can break out of the straight-jacket of supposed geographical constraints, and show how more detailed comparative studies of various aspects of legitimisation can reveal the nuances behind seemingly uniform patterns. The concluding remarks further elaborate on these points and raise questions concerning the terminology of centre and periphery.

Nora Berend

Concluding Remarks: Languages of Power and Elite Legitimisation in Poland and Norway, 1000–1300

结语：1000-1300年间波兰与挪威的权力语言与精英合法化

Review of: Nathan Cohen, Yiddish Transformed: Reading Habits in the Russian Empire, 1860–1914, trans. Rebecca Wolpe, New York–Oxford, 2023, Berghahn Books, 431 pp.; Dan Tsahor, The Book of the People: The Hebrew Encyclopedic Project and the National Self, Berlin–Boston, 2023, de Gruyter, 228 pp. (Studia Judaica, 117); Marat Grinberg, Soviet Jewish Bookshelf: Jewish Culture and Identity Between the Lines, Waltham, 2023, Brandeis University Press, 284 pp. (The Tauber Institute Series for the Study of European Jewry)

Abbreviation	Acta Pol. Hist.
Journal Impact	0.14
Quartiles(Global)	HISTORY(Q3)

Publication Information	Publisher: Polska Akademia Nauk，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2001，Proportion of original research papers: 100.00%，Self Citation Rate:0.00%， Gold OA Rate: 81.03%

Acta Poloniae Historica

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