ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 发表专家对凝聚态物理学家感兴趣和重要的主题的权威评论。它适用于对期刊领域有基本知识的积极读者，旨在从作者的角度引出所审查主题的要点。该期刊的范围包括凝聚态物理和统计力学：广义上包括与量子信息、冷原子、软物质物理和生物物理学的重叠。读者群：大学、工业和研究机构的物理学家、材料科学家和物理化学家。

The journal "Advances in Physics" publishes authoritative reviews on important topics of interest to condensed matter physicists. It is aimed at actively engaged readers who possess a fundamental understanding of the field, providing insights from the authors' perspectives. The scope of the journal includes condensed matter physics and statistical mechanics, broadly encompassing overlaps with quantum information, cold atoms, soft matter physics, and biophysics. The readership primarily consists of physicists, materials scientists, and physical chemists from universities, industry, and research institutions.

《Advances in Physics》期刊发表关于凝聚态物理学领域重要主题的权威评论，旨在为具备基本知识的读者提供深入的见解。期刊内容涵盖凝聚态物理和统计力学，广泛涉及量子信息、冷原子、软物质物理和生物物理学等交叉领域。其读者群体主要包括大学、工业界和研究机构的物理学家、材料科学家以及物理化学家。

Advances in Physics

A review is given on the foundations and applications of non-Hermitian classical and quantum physics. First, key theorems and central concepts in non-Hermitian linear algebra, including Jordan normal form, biorthogonality, exceptional points, pseudo-Hermiticity, and parity-time symmetry, are delineated in a pedagogical and mathematically coherent manner. Building on these, we provide an overview of how diverse classical systems, ranging from photonics, mechanics, electrical circuits, and acoustics to active matter, can be used to simulate non-Hermitian wave physics. In particular, we discuss rich and unique phenomena found therein, such as unidirectional invisibility, enhanced sensitivity, topological energy transfer, coherent perfect absorption, single-mode lasing, and robust biological transport. We then explain in detail how non-Hermitian operators emerge as an effective description of open quantum systems on the basis of the Feshbach projection approach and the quantum trajectory approach. We discuss their applications to physical systems relevant to a variety of fields, including atomic, molecular and optical physics, mesoscopic physics, and nuclear physics with emphasis on prominent phenomena and subjects in quantum regimes, such as quantum resonances, superradiance, the continuous quantum Zeno effect, quantum critical phenomena, Dirac spectra in quantum chromodynamics, and nonunitary conformal field theories. Finally, we introduce the notion of band topology in complex spectra of non-Hermitian systems and present their classifications by providing the proof, first given by this review in a complete manner, as well as a number of instructive examples. Other topics related to non-Hermitian physics, including nonreciprocal transport, speed limits, nonunitary quantum walk, are also reviewed.

Yuto Ashida

Zongping Gong

Masahito Ueda

Non-Hermitian physics

非厄米物理学

The d1 layer metals TaS 2 , TaSe 2 , NbSe 2 , in all their various polytypic modifications, acquire, below some appropriate temperature, phase conditions that their electromagnetic properties have previously revealed as 'anomalous'. Our present electron-microscopic studies indicate that this anomalous behaviour usually included the adoption, at some stage, of a superlattice. The size of superlattice adopted often is forecast in the pattern of satellite spotting and strong diffuse scattering found above the transition. Our conclusions are that charge-density waves and their concomitant periodic structural distortions occur in all these 4d 1 /5d 1 dichalcogenides. We have related the observed periodicities of these CDW states to the theoretical form of the parent Fermi surfaces. Particularly for the 1T octahedrally coordinated polytypes the Fermi surface is very simple and markedly two-dimensional in character, with large near-parallel walls. Such a situation is known theoretically to favour the formation of charge and spin-density waves. When they first appear, the CDWs in the 1T (and 4Hb) polytypes are incommensurate with the lattice. This condition produes a fair amount of gapping in the density of states at the Fermi level. For the simplest case of 1T-TaSe 2 , the room temperature superlattice is realized when this existing CDW rotates into an orientation for which it then become commensurate. At this first-order transition the Fermi surface energy gapping increases beyond that generated by the incommensurate CDW, as is clearly evident in the electromagnetic properties. For the trigonal prismatically coordinated polytypes, CDW formation is withheld to low temperatures, probably because of the more complex band structures. This CDW state (in the cases measured) would seem at once commensurate, even though the transition is, from a wide variety of experiments, apparently second order. A wide range of doped and intercalated materials have been used to substantiate the presence of CDWs in these compounds, and to clarify the effect that their occurrence has on the physical properties. The observations further demonstrate the distinctiveness of the transition metal dichalcogenide layer compounds, and of the group VA metals in particular.

J. A. Wilson

F. J. Di Salvo

S. Mahajan

Advances In Physics

Charge-density waves and superlattices in the metallic layered transition metal dichalcogenides

金属层状过渡金属二硫属化合物的电荷密度波与超晶格

We review recent theoretical work on two closely related issues: excitation of an isolated quantum condensed matter system driven adiabatically across a continuous quantum phase transition or a gapless phase, and apparent relaxation of an excited system after a sudden quench of a parameter in its Hamiltonian. Accordingly the review is divided into two parts. The first part revolves around a quantum version of the Kibble-Zurek mechanism including also phenomena that go beyond this simple paradigm. What they have in common is that excitation of a gapless many-body system scales with a power of the driving rate. The second part attempts a systematic presentation of recent results and conjectures on apparent relaxation of a pure state of an isolated quantum many-body system after its excitation by a sudden quench. This research is motivated in part by recent experimental developments in the physics of ultracold atoms with potential applications in the adiabatic quantum state preparation and quantum computation.

Jacek Dziarmaga

Dynamics of a quantum phase transition and relaxation to a steady state

量子相变动力学与稳态弛豫

Abstract We take familiar inorganic oxide glasses and non-oxide glasses and the liquids from which they derive to review the current understanding of their atomic structure, ranging from the local environments of individual atoms to the long-range order which can cover many interatomic distances. The structural characteristics of important glasses and melts, like silicates, borates, alumino-silicates, halides and chalcogenides, are drawn from the results of recent spectroscopy and scattering experiments. The techniques include Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS), Neutron Scattering (NS) and Small- and Wide-angle X-ray Scattering measurements (SAXS/WAXS), and are often combined with computer simulation experiments in order to obtain detailed images of structure and diffusion in the glassy as well as in the molten state. We then review the current understanding of relaxation in glasses, liquids and polyamorphic states. This includes phenomenological models and theories of relaxation in different dynamical regimes, spectroscopic studies of atomic-scale mechanisms of viscous flow in inorganic glass-formers and the signatures of relaxational behaviour embedded in the low-frequency vibrational dynamics of glasses including the Boson peak and the Two-Level Systems (TLS) that control conformational transformation. We conclude this review by extending concepts of the dynamics of the glass transition from the supercooled liquid in order to understand the solid-state amorphization of crystals under temperature and pressure and to determine the thermodynamic limits of the crystalline and glassy state. Acknowledgements The authors thank the following for helpful discussions: Bruce Aitken, Austen Angell, Punit Boolchand, Uli Buchenau, Jűrgen Horbach, Jorge Íñiguez, Himanshu Jain, Alexander Kolobov, Philipp Maass, Florian Menau, Alexandra Navrotsky, Peter Poole, Andrei Sokolov, Yann Vaills and Martin Wilding. One of the authors (GNG) acknowledges the support of the Higher Education Funding Council for Wales through the Centre for Advanced Functional Materials and Devices. Both authors are grateful to the International Materials Institute on New Functionality in Glass – NSF Grant No. DMR-0409588 – for support in writing this review. One author (SS) also acknowledges support of NSF Grant No. DMR-0603933 for the preparation of this review.

George Greaves

S. Sen

Inorganic glasses, glass-forming liquids and amorphizing solids

无机玻璃、玻璃形成液体和非晶化固体

Abstract (by translator) A detailed report is given here of the general investigations carried out by the authors in the field of relativistic cosmology during the past years. The paper consists of two parts. The first part is devoted to a study of the singularities of the cosmological solutions of the gravitational equations. An attempt is made to provide an answer to one of the principal questions of modern cosmology: ‘does the general solution of the gravitational equations have a singularity?’ The authors give a negative answer to this question. The study carried out leads, in fact, to the general conclusion that the presence of a singularity with respect to time is not a necessary property of cosmological models of the general theory of relativity, and that the general case of an arbitrary distribution of matter and gravitational field does not lead to the appearance of a singularity. This result, however, does not exclude the possibility of the existence of more restricted classes of cosmological solutions of the gravitational equations which possess a true singularity. The search for such solutions, carried out by the authors, gives them reasons to believe that the possible types of such solutions are exhausted by those to which one is naturally led by the arguments given in §§ 3, 4 and Appendices C, G. As far as the solution corresponding to the real universe is concerned, its choice is connected with some deep physical requirements, which cannot be established on the basis of only the existing theory of gravitation. Only after establishing these requirements could it be determined whether or not the solution which satisfies them possesses a singularity. The second part of the paper contains an investigation of the gravitational stability of the isotropic model. There are grounds to believe that this model gives an adequate description of the present-day state of the universe considered on a large scale. The behaviour in time of various kinds of small perturbations to the isotropic model is studied. It is shown that perturbations which do not disturb the uniformity of the distribution of matter are either damped with time or remain constant. Perturbations which involve changes in the density of matter behave differently in expanding and contracting universes. In an expanding universe the changes in the density of matter grow slowly with time for long wavelength perturbations and decrease, with time for short wavelength perturbations. The contracting universe, however, is essentially unstable against such perturbations. The entire study is carried out on the basis of the Einstein equations in their classical form, without the ‘cosmological term’, in which form they follow logically from the general foundations of the theory of relativity.

E.M. Lifshitz

I.M. Khalatnikov

Investigations in relativistic cosmology

相对论宇宙学研究

These notes are based on lectures serving the advanced graduate education of the Delta Institute of Theoretical Physics in the Netherlands in autumn 2021. The goal is to explain in a language that can be understood by non-specialists very recent advances in quantum information and especially string theory suggesting the existence of entirely new forms of matter. These are metallic states characterized by an extremely dense many body entanglement, requiring the supremacy of the quantum computer to be completely enumerated. The holographic duality discovered in string theory appears to be a mathematical machinery capable of computing observable properties of such matter, suggesting the presence of universal general principles governing its phenomenology. The case is developing that these principles may well apply to the highly mysterious physical properties observed in the high temperature superconductors and other strongly interacting electron systems of condensed matter physics.

Jan Zaanen

Lectures on quantum supreme matter

量子至高物质讲座

Paolo G. Radaelli

Jan Zaanen – In memoriam

扬·扎嫩 – 纪念

Ryosuke Kadono

Hideo Hosono

Ambipolarity of hydrogen in matter revealed by muons

氢在物质中的双极性：通过μ子揭示

We review the theory of martingales as applied to stochastic thermodynamics and stochastic processes in physics more generally.

Édgar Roldán

Izaak Neri

Raphael Chetrite

Shamik Gupta

Simone Pigolotti

Frank Jülicher

Ken Sekimoto

Martingales for physicists: a treatise on stochastic thermodynamics and beyond

物理学家的鞅：随机热力学及其超越的论述

Thin films based on silicon and transition-metal elements dominate the semiconducting industry and are ubiquitous in all modern devices.Films have also been produced in the rare-earth series of elements for both research and specialized applications.Thin films of uranium and uranium dioxide were fabricated in the 1960s and 1970s, but there was little sustained effort until the early 2000s.Significant programmes started at Oxford University (transferring to Bristol University in 2011), and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) in New Mexico, USA.In this review we cover the work that has been published over the last ∼20 years with these materials.Important breakthroughs occurred with the fabrication of epitaxial thin films of initially uranium metal and UO2, but more recently of many other uranium compounds and alloys.These have led to a number of different experiments that are reviewed, as well as some important trends.The interaction with the substrate leads to differing strain and hence changes in properties.An important advantage is that epitaxial films can often be made of materials that are impossible to produce as bulk single crystals.Examples are U3O8, U2N3 and alloys of U-Mo, which form in a modified bcc structure.Epitaxial films may also be used in applied research.They represent excellent surfaces, and it is at the surfaces that most of the important reactions occur in the nuclear fuel cycle.For example, the fuel-cladding interactions, and the dissolution of fuel by water in the long-term storage of spent fuel.To conclude, we discuss possible future prospects, examples include bilayers containing uranium for spintronics, and superlattices that could be used in heterostructures.Such applications will require a more detailed knowledge of the interface interactions in these systems, and this is an important direction for future research.

Abbreviation	Adv. Phys.
Journal Impact	35.01
Quartiles(Global)	PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER(Q1)

ISSN	0001-8732, 1460-6976
h-index	123

Publication Information	Publisher: Taylor and Francis Ltd.，Publishing cycle: Bimonthly，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 1952，Proportion of original research papers: 0.00%，Self Citation Rate:0.00%， Gold OA Rate: 0.00%
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：约稿?周期不定
Average recruitment ratio	网友分享经验：极难

Advances in Physics

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