Archives of Environmental Health

Abstract In this study, the authors assessed the relationship between daily changes in respiratory health and particulate levels with diameters of (a) less than 10 μm (PM10) and (b) less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) in Kanpur, India. The subjects (N = 91) were recruited from 3 areas in Kanpur: (1) Indian Institute of Technology (Kanpur), which was a relatively clean area; (b) Vikas Nagar, a typical commercial area; and (c) finally, the residential area of Juhilal Colony. All subjects resided near to air quality monitoring sites. Air quality and peak expiratory flow rate samplings were conducted for 39 d. Once during the sampling period, lung-function tests (i.e., forced expiratory volume in 1 s, forced vital capacity) were performed on each subject. Subjects who resided at the clean site performed at predicted (i.e., acceptable) values more often than did subjects who lived at the remaining 2 sites. Subjects who lived at all 3 sites demonstrated a substantial average deficit in baseline forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 s values. The authors used a statistical model to estimate that an increase of 100 μg/m3 of the pollutant PM10 could reduce the mean peak expiratory flow rate of an individual by approximately 3.2 l/min. Keywords: FEV1.0 FVChealth effectsIndiaPEFRPM10 PM2.5

Mukesh Sharma

V. Narendra Kumar

Subodh K. Katiyar

Richa Sharma

Bhanu P. Shukla

Babu Sengupta

Archives of Environmental Health An International Journal

Effects of Particulate Air Pollution on the Respiratory Health of Subjects Who Live in Three Areas in Kanpur, India

颗粒空气污染对居住在印度坎普尔三个地区的受试者呼吸健康的影响

In the absence of a "soil model" on arsenic bioavailability, many investigators conducting baseline risk assessments of arsenic-enriched sites have assumed that all arsenic present in the soil is bioavailable. This assumption overestimates actual human health risk because various geochemical forms of arsenic are stable, or insoluble, in human digestive juices. The authors conducted a laboratory incubation study to analyze the in vitro bioavailability of arsenic in soils as a function of soil properties. Four different soil types were selected on the basis of their potential differences with respect to arsenic reactivity. Each soil was amended with sodium arsenite at a rate representative of a routine 1-yr application of arsenical pesticide in an agricultural system. The soils were incubated for 1 yr, after which the authors measured soil-specific total and bioavailable arsenic concentrations. Results demonstrated that soil physicochemical properties significantly affect arsenic bioavailability, and hence estimates of cancer risk, which in turn affect site cleanup cost projections.

Dibyendu Sarkar

Rupali Datta

Human Health Risks from Arsenic in Soils: Does One Model Fit All

土壤中砷对人体健康的风险：是否存在一种模型适用于所有情况

Herbal preparations are gaining popularity worldwide because of their history of use and the belief that they are free of harmful side effects. Among the most popular products are herbal teas, which are marketed extensively with emphasis on their medicinal properties. At the same time, the World Health Organization has been emphasizing the need for quality assurance of herbal products, including testing for inadvertent contamination. The authors conducted a quality-assurance evaluation of residual organochlorine pesticides in some popular brands of Indian herbal teas. Organochlorine pesticide residue build-up from agricultural or storage practices was estimated with gas-liquid chromatography. The results revealed scant presence of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) or its metabolites; endosulfan—a highly toxic pesticide-was absent in all 8 brands of herbal teas studied. Hexachlorocyclohexane isomers were detected in 2 samples, but levels were below the permissible limit for pesticide residue in foods, as promulgated by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. The authors believe that all herbal preparations should be checked for toxic chemical residues to allay consumer fears of exposure to known neuro-toxicant pesticides and to aid in promoting global acceptance of these products.

Vijay Naithani

Poonam Kakkar

An Evaluation of Residual Organochlorine Pesticides in Popular Indian Herbal Teas

印度流行草本茶中残留有机氯农药的评估

The authors assessed the acute effects of exposure to noise on systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate, among 46 workers in a midwestern auto assembly plant. Workers wore ambulatory blood pressure monitors and personal noise dosimeters during one work shift. After adjustment for covariates of cardiovascular function, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, along with heart rate, were shown to be significantly positively associated with noise exposure. Although the long-term effect of these associations is not known, results from other studies suggest that they may be harmful. Replication of this study with a larger number of subjects, monitored for several days and in a variety of work settings, is recommended to verify these findings. The results of this and other studies imply that reducing acute noise exposure reduces cardiovascular stress.

Sally L. Lusk

Brenda Gillespie

Bonnie M. Hagerty

Rosemary A. Ziemba

Acute Effects of Noise on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate

噪声对血压和心率的急性影响

Abstract The authors examined the relationship of noise sensitivity with health status and psychological factors in individuals <70 yr of age in Finland. Subjects (n = 1,355) were selected from a 1988 case-control study, based on the Finnish Twin Cohort, that assessed noise sensitivity, lifetime noise exposure, and hypertension. Other health status and psychological factors were obtained from a questionnaire that had been administered to the same individuals in 1981. Statistical analysis showed that noise sensitivity was associated significantly with hypertension, emphysema, use of psychotropic drugs (i.e., sleeping pills, tranquilizers, and pain relievers), stress, smoking, and hostility, even after adjustment for lifetime noise exposure. These results indicate that noise sensitivity has both psychological and somatogenic components. Keywords: exposurehypertensionnoisesensitivitystress

Marja Heinonen-Guzejev

Heikki S. Vuorinen

Helena Mussalo-Rauhamaa

Kauko Heikkilä

Markku Koskenvuo

Jaakko Kaprio

Somatic and Psychological Characteristics of Noise-Sensitive Adults in Finland

芬兰噪音敏感成年人的躯体和心理特征

Abstract Using responses to questionnaires and results of saliva samples from 40 women, the authors assessed the effects on health of participation in a short leisure trip (2 nights, 3 d) to Kyushu Island in Japan. They addressed transportation, sightseeing, and group activities during the tour, which might differ from participants' usual activities. Levels of the salivary endocrinological stress markers cortisol and chromogranin A (CgA) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In each of the groups with characteristics considered healthy and related to lifestyle, patterns of behavior, perceived stressors, and stress reactions, a decrease in the cortisol levels and an increase in the CgA levels were apparent during the tour. The baseline for stress hormone changes was the levels on awakening on Day 1 (i.e., immediately before the tour). These findings suggest that even short periods of travel can bring about a reduction in di-stress and acquisition of eu-stress, experienced as feeling uplifted or fulfilled.

Masahiro Toda

Hiroaki Makino

Hidetoshi Kobayashi

Shingo Nagasawa

Kazuyuki Kitamura

Kanehisa Morimoto

Medical Assessment of the Health Effects of Short Leisure Trips

短期休闲旅行的健康影响医学评估

The authors studied the effects of environmental cadmium exposure on blood pressure (BP). Subjects 1140 men and 1713 women, aged > or =50 yr lived in three areas of Japan considered "unpolluted" by cadmium. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate relationships between hypertension/nonhypertension and cadmium concentrations in blood (B-Cd) or urine (U-Cd). Age, body mass index, drinking and smoking habits, and blood and urine chemistry data were incorporated into the model. Odds ratios for hypertension were significantly less than 1 in either gender when U-Cd was the indicator of cadmium exposure and hypertension was defined as systolic BP > or =140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP > or =90 mmHg. The results suggest a significant negative association between cadmium exposure and BP in inhabitants in Japan.

Isao Kurihara

Etsuko Kobayashi

Yasushi Suwazono

Mirei Uetani

Takeya Inaba

Mitsuhiro Oishiz

Teruhiko Kido

Hideaki Nakagawa

Koji Nogawa

Association Between Exposure to Cadmium and Blood Pressure in Japanese Peoples

日本人群中镉暴露与血压的关联

Abstract This study investigated the influence of petrochemical air pollution on birth weight. Birth data on 92,288 singleton infants with gestational periods of 37–44 wk born in a petrochemical industrial city (Kaohsiung, n = 31,530) with severe pollution or a non-petrochemical industrial city (Taipei, n = 60,758) in Taiwan between 1995 and 1997 were included in this analysis. Air pollutant concentration derived from routinely monitored data showed significantly higher concentrations of SO2, O3, and PM10 in Kaohsiung. Infants with low birth weight (LBW) were significantly more prevalent in Kaohsiung (2.4%) than in Taipei (2.1%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis with adjustment for gestation age, gender, birth order, season of birth, maternal age, and maternal education further suggested that LBW risk in Kaohsiung was 13% higher than that in Taipei (odds ratio [OR] = 1.13, 95%, confidence interval [Cl] = 1.03–1.24). Key Words: air pollutantslow term birth weightpetrochemicals

Chih-Ming Lin

Chung-Yi Li

I-Fang Mao

Increased Risks of Term Low-Birth-Weight Infants in a Petrochemical Industrial City with High Air Pollution Levels

石化工业城市高空气污染水平下足月低出生体重婴儿风险增加

Tee L. Guidotti

Arch Environ Health

What Constitutes Good Science in Environmental and Occupational Health?

环境与职业健康中何为良好科学？

Abstract To determine the relationship of arsenic, copper, cadmium, manganese, lead, zinc and selenium to Blackfoot disease (BFD, a peripheral vascular disorder endemic to areas of Taiwan, which has been linked to arsenic in drinking water) the authors measured the amount of these substances in urine from BFD patients, using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicate significantly higher amounts of urinary arsenic, copper, cadmium, manganese, and lead for BFD patients than for normal controls, also significantly lower urinary zinc and selenium.

Jin-Lian Tsai

Pin-Hua Horng

Tzung-Jeng Hwang

John W. Hsu

Ching-Jyi Horng

Determination of Urinary Trace Elements (Arsenic, Copper, Cadmium, Manganese, Lead, Zinc, Selenium) in Patients with Blackfoot Disease

黑脚病患者尿液中痕量元素（砷、铜、镉、锰、铅、锌、硒）的测定

Publication Information	Publisher: Taylor and Francis Ltd.，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 1960，Proportion of original research papers: ，Self Citation Rate:， Gold OA Rate:

Archives of Environmental Health

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