Advances in Polymer Science

Abstract This work is a review of the Poisson–Boltzmann (PB) continuum electrostatics theory and its modifications, with a focus on salt effects and counterion binding. The PB model is one of the mesoscopic theories that describes the electrostatic potential and equilibrium distribution of mobile ions around molecules in solution. It serves as a tool to characterize electrostatic properties of molecules, counterion association, electrostatic contributions to solvation, and molecular binding free energies. We focus on general formulations which can be applied to large molecules of arbitrary shape in all‐atomic representation, including highly charged biomolecules such as nucleic acids. These molecules present a challenge for theoretical description, because the conventional PB model may become insufficient in those cases. We discuss the conventional PB equation, the corresponding functionals of the electrostatic free energy, including a connection to DFT, simple empirical extensions to this model accounting for finite size of ions, the modified PB theory including ionic correlations and fluctuations, the cell model, and supplementary methods allowing to incorporate site‐bound ions in the PB calculations. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 89: 93–113, 2008. This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com

Paweł Grochowski

Joanna Trylska

Biopolymers

Continuum molecular electrostatics, salt effects, and counterion binding—A review of the Poisson–Boltzmann theory and its modifications

连续分子静电学、盐效应及反离子结合——泊松-玻尔兹曼理论及其修正综述

Abstract This review presents an overview on bio‐hybrid approaches of integrating the structural and functional features of proteins and peptides with synthetic polymers and the resulting unique properties in such hybrids, with a focus on bioresponsive/bioactive systems with biomaterials applications. The review is divided in two broad sections. First, we describe several examples of bio‐hybrids produced by combining versatile synthetic polymers with proteins/enzymes and drugs that have resulted in (1) hybrid materials based on responsive polymers, (2) responsive hydrogels based on enzyme‐catalyzed reactions, protein–protein interactions and protein–drug sensing, and (3) dynamic hydrogels based on conformational changes of a protein. Next, we present hybrids produced by combining synthetic polymers with peptides, classified based on the properties of the peptide domain: (1) peptides with different conformations, such as α‐helical, coiled‐coil, and β‐sheet; (2) peptides derived from structural protein domains such as silk, elastin, titin, and collagen; and (3) peptides with other biofunctional properties such as cell‐binding domains and enzyme‐recognized degradation domains. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 94:32–48, 2010. This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com

Ohm D. Krishna

Kristi L. Kiick

Protein‐ and peptide‐modified synthetic polymeric biomaterials

蛋白质和多肽修饰的合成聚合物生物材料

Abstract Ocular drug delivery is constrained by anatomical and physiological barriers, necessitating innovative solutions for effective therapy. Natural polymers like hyaluronic acid, chitosan, and gelatin, alongside synthetic counterparts such as PLGA and PEG, have gained prominence for their biocompatibility and controlled release profiles. Recent strides in polymer conjugation strategies have enabled targeted delivery through ligand integration, facilitating tissue specificity and cellular uptake. This versatility accommodates combined drug delivery, addressing diverse anterior (e.g., glaucoma, dry eye) and posterior segment (e.g., macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy) afflictions. The review encompasses an in‐depth exploration of each natural and synthetic polymer, detailing their individual advantages and disadvantages for ocular drug delivery. By transcending ocular barriers and refining therapeutic precision, these innovations promise to reshape the management of anterior and posterior segment eye diseases.

Arpon Biswas

Shivansh Kumar

Abhijit Deb Choudhury

Amol Chhatrapati Bisen

Sachin Nashik Sanap

Sristi Agrawal

Anjali Mishra

Sarvesh Kumar Verma

Mukesh Kumar

Rabi Sankar Bhatta

Polymers and their engineered analogues for ocular drug delivery: Enhancing therapeutic precision

用于眼部药物递送的高分子及其工程类似物：增强治疗精准性

Abstract Peptide amphiphiles are a class of molecules that combine the structural features of amphiphilic surfactants with the functions of bioactive peptides and are known to assemble into a variety of nanostructures. A specific type of peptide amphiphiles are known to self‐assemble into one‐dimensional nanostructures under physiological conditions, predominantly nanofibers with a cylindrical geometry. The resultant nanostructures could be highly bioactive and are of great interest in many biomedical applications, including tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and drug delivery. In this context, we highlight our strategies for using molecular self‐assembly as a toolbox to produce peptide amphiphile nanostructures and materials and efforts to translate this technology into applications as therapeutics. We also review our recent progress in using these materials for treating spinal cord injury, inducing angiogenesis, and for hard tissue regeneration and replacement. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 94:1–18, 2010. This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com

Honggang Cui

Matthew J. Webber

Samuel I. Stupp

Self‐assembly of peptide amphiphiles: From molecules to nanostructures to biomaterials

肽类两亲分子的自组装：从分子到纳米结构再到生物材料

ABSTRACT This study focused on seaweed‐based biomembrane development. The physical, mechanical, thermal, and biological properties of the fabricated films with different combinations of materials, such as agar, chitosan, poly(vinyl) alcohol (PVA), and quercetin, were characterized. The surface morphology of the films was analyzed using SEM. The maximum tensile strength (53.11 N/mm 2 ), elongation at break (3.42%), and Young's modulus (15.52) of the biomembrane were recorded for the agar + chitosan combination. FT‐Raman analysis confirmed the functional groups shift between the biopolymer and plasticizer used in this study. TG‐DSC analysis of the biomembranes revealed a T g in the range of 92.80°C–115°C. The maximum antioxidant activity was reported for quercetin (58.62%), and the maximum antimicrobial activity was observed for the chitosan and quercetin compounds against E . coli . A minimum hemolysis of 0.95% was achieved for the combination of agar + quercetin (AQ), agar + PEG (APE), Gracilaria corticata extract + PVA + quercetin (GCPQ) and agar + chitosan (AC) biomembranes. The minimum cytotoxicity of the biomembrane was 62.51% and 63.87% for Gracilaria corticata extract + PVA + quercetin (GCPQ), and agar + PVA, respectively. The proposed biomembrane films were found to be suitable for biomedical and packaging applications.

Muthiyal Prabakaran Sudhakar

Sureshkumar Ambika Nived

Gopal Dharani

Fabrication and Characterization of Agar‐ and Seaweed‐Derived Biomembrane Films for Biomedical and Other Applications

用于生物医学及其他应用的琼脂和海藻衍生生物膜材料的制备与表征

ABSTRACT Dipeptides were constructed using hydrophobic amino acid residues following AMP prediction. After that Boc‐modification was performed on the screened peptides and finally Boc‐Phe‐Trp‐OMe and Boc‐Trp‐Trp‐OMe were synthesized. Even though no inhibition zones were observed in agar well diffusion assays, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) analysis revealed anti‐bacterial activity against both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria, with MIC 90 ranging from 230 to 400 μg/mL. The crystal violet assay confirmed the dipeptides' biofilm eradication and disruption capabilities. Furthermore, membrane permeabilization assays indicated outer and inner membrane permeabilization, while SEM analysis revealed the formation of fibril and spherical nanostructures, likely contributing to this effect. The peptides also exhibited resistance to protein adsorption, non‐cytotoxicity, and non‐hemolytic properties, making them promising broad‐spectrum anti‐bacterial agents with biofilm eradication and disruption potential. This study concludes that Boc‐protected phenylalanine‐ and tryptophan‐based dipeptides can self‐assemble and can be used as broad‐spectrum anti‐bacterial agents. The self‐assembly of these peptides offers a versatile platform for designing biomaterials with tailored properties and functionalities. Research exploring the anti‐bacterial potential of Boc‐protected dipeptides has been limited, prompting our investigation to shed light on this overlooked area. Our analysis of synthesized Boc‐protected dipeptides revealed notable anti‐bacterial activity, marking a significant advancement. This finding suggests that these dipeptides could emerge as potent, broad‐spectrum anti‐bacterial agents, addressing the urgent need for effective treatments against bacterial resistance and opening new avenues in therapy. This study not only enhances our understanding of these dipeptides but also highlights their potential as innovative and efficacious anti‐bacterial agents, making a substantial impact in the clinical field.

Arpita Halder

Ravikumar Pasupuleti

Subramaniyam Sivagnanam

Priyadip Das

Oindrilla Mukherjee

Boc‐Protected Phenylalanine and Tryptophan‐Based Dipeptides: A Broad Spectrum Anti‐Bacterial Agent

Boc保护的苯丙氨酸和色氨酸基二肽：一种广谱抗菌剂

ABSTRACT One of the current biotechnological applications is nanofiber applications made from algae using the electrospinning technique. Nanofibers containing poly‐caprolactone (PCL) extracted from the brown seaweed Hijiki ( Sargassum fusiforme ) were prepared using electrospinning technique. Water extraction was performed to preserve the integrity of Hijiki components, ensuring their efficacy in subsequent electrospinning and characterization. The morphology and chemical composition of the nanofibers were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) analyses. Hijiki was found to combine well with electrospun biocompatible polymers and effectively provide the common properties of these materials. The cytotoxicity of algae‐doped PCL nanofibers was examined in vitro using liver cancer and liver healthy cell lines (HepG2 and The‐2). Among hepatic tumor cell lines, the HepG2 cell line has been preferred due to its wide range of scientific applications. Although the nanofibers caused a 28% decrease in liver cancer cell lines viability (HepG2), the decrease in healthy liver cell viability (The‐2) was 12%. Algae‐doped PCL nanofiber applied to bacteria showed antibacterial effect. Based on the findings, Hijiki macroalgae nanofibers show great promise for tissue regeneration and band‐aid applications in the medical industry.

Numan Emre Gümüş

Nanofiber Applications From Hijiki Macroalgae: Antibacterial and Cytotoxicity Properties in Biocompatible Polymers

纳米纤维应用源自羊栖菜大型藻类：生物相容性聚合物中的抗菌和细胞毒性特性

ABSTRACT This study presents a feasible, one‐pot synthesis approach for the preparation of a composite biopolymer material derived from tamarind seed xyloglucan (XG) by utilizing isocyanate chemistry. Through a facile reaction process, urethane bonds are formed in XG, resulting in the formation of a crosslinked network. FTIR spectra confirm the successful urethane link formation in XG via the OH‐NCO reaction, and CHN analysis provides insights into the elemental composition. The synthesized XG‐urethane composite (U‐XG) exhibits enhanced thermal stability compared to native XG, with an enhanced degradation temperature (T 5% ) of 276°C (XG marked T 5% at a lower temperature of 163°C). The optimized geometric structure, hydrogen bond types, and hydrogen bond strength of the synthesized U‐XG are computationally studied by density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6‐31G(d,p) level. This study also investigates the antibacterial efficacy of both XG and U‐XG against a panel of pathogenic bacteria, including gram‐positive bacteria such as S. aureus and S. epidermidis , as well as gram‐negative E. coli . The U‐XG demonstrates superior antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis compared to pristine XG. This research showcases the feasibility of a one‐pot synthesis approach for preparing urethane‐linked XG with enhanced thermal properties and superior antibacterial activity, offering promising prospects for biomedical and antimicrobial applications.

Jesna Das Silvadas

Renjith Sasimohanan Pillai

Resmi Viswanadhan Girija

Chandroth Kalyad Simi

Green Synthesis of Urethane‐Linked Tamarind Seed Xyloglucan: Thermal Stability, Antibacterial Properties, and <scp>DFT</scp> Study

聚氨酯键合罗望子籽木葡聚糖的绿色合成：热稳定性、抗菌性能及DFT研究

ABSTRACT This study investigates the enhancement of biodegradable gelatin films through the incorporation of glycerol as a plasticizer, and citric acid and zinc oxide as cross‐linkers. The results showed notable improvements in various properties, including solubility, swelling behavior, thickness, pH, biodegradability, and both mechanical and thermal characteristics. The films demonstrated complete water solubility and UV–visible light absorbance in the 280–480 nm range. Soil burial tests indicated gradual weight loss over 15 days, leading to complete degradation. Structural and thermal analyses via FTIR and TGA confirmed the films' integrity and stability. Additionally, the study highlighted the effectiveness of these modified films in adsorbing copper (II) ions from acidic solutions, showcasing their potential for environmental applications like heavy metal remediation. These findings emphasize the potential of tailored additive combinations to produce biodegradable films with enhanced properties and functionality.

Nikita Bhardwaj

Mohd. Tashfeen Ashraf

Jaya Maitra

Tailoring Gelatin Films: Functionality, Stability, and Beyond Biodegradability

定制明胶薄膜：功能性、稳定性及超越生物降解性

ABSTRACT Cellulose is one of the most abundant biopolymers in nature. Despite being the subject of research in various fields, it is not as famous as chitosan in catalyst design. Herein, a novel thiourea‐functionalized cellulose (CTU‐6) was synthesized as a robust hydrogen bonding catalyst with the degree of substitution (DS) of 0.84. CTU‐6 was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), x‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 HNMR), solid‐state cross‐polarization magic angle spinning carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance (CP/MAS 13 C‐NMR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and elementel analysis. CTU‐6 catalyzed the direct asymmetric Mannich reaction between acetone, aniline, and various aromatic aldehydes in cooperation with L‐proline. The reaction exhibited excellent enantioselectivity, achieving up to 98% enantiomeric excess (ee) at room temperature. Incorporating trifluoromethylphenyl‐substituted thiourea into the cellulose framework leverages its ability to form hydrogen bonds, thereby enabling precise control over the asymmetric induction. This study highlights the potential of cellulose‐based catalysts in advancing asymmetric synthesis and their versatility in various organic reactions in cooperation with small chiral ligands. This synergy not only facilitates the efficient catalytic process but also improves the stereochemical outcomes of the reactions. This method underscores the importance of utilizing renewable and versatile cellulose materials in combination with chiral auxiliaries to achieve high levels of enantioselectivity.

Ayşe Haliç Poslu

Gamze Koz

Surface Decoration of Cellulose With Trifluoromethylphenyl Substituted Thiourea: A Robust Hydrogen‐Bonding Catalyst in Conjunction With L‐Proline for the Asymmetric Direct Mannich Reaction

三氟甲基苯基取代硫脲修饰纤维素表面：与L-脯氨酸协同用于不对称直接曼尼希反应的强效氢键催化剂

Abbreviation	Adv. Polym. Sci.
Journal Impact	3.17
Quartiles(Global)	BIOPHYSICS(Q2)

ISSN	0006-3525, 0065-3195, 1097-0282, 1436-5030
h-index	143

Publication Information	Publisher: Springer New York，Publishing cycle: Semimonthly，Journal Type: book-series，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 1990，Proportion of original research papers: 78.95%，Self Citation Rate:3.10%， Gold OA Rate: 15.91%
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：偏慢,4-8周
Average recruitment ratio	网友分享经验：容易

Advances in Polymer Science

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