《大脑、行为与进化》是一本拥有忠实追随者、高标准和独特形象的期刊，是关于神经系统进化的持续科学论述的主要渠道。该杂志发表比较神经生物学研究，重点关注脊椎动物和无脊椎动物的神经系统结构、功能或发育。方法范围从解剖学和生理学的分子到行为学。尽管存在这种多样性，但大多数发表在“大脑、行为和进化”上的论文都包含了进化的角度，至少在讨论中，并专注于神经机制或现象。一些纯粹的行为研究可能在期刊的范围内，但此类手稿的适用性将根据具体情况进行评估。该杂志还发表评论文章，提供对进化神经生物学当前主题的批判性概述。

Brain, Behavior and Evolution is a journal with a loyal readership, high standards, and a unique identity, primarily focused on the scientific discourse surrounding the evolution of the nervous system. The journal publishes comparative neurobiological research, emphasizing the structure, function, and development of the nervous systems of both vertebrates and invertebrates. The range of methodologies spans from anatomy and physiology to behavioral studies. Despite this diversity, most papers published in Brain, Behavior and Evolution incorporate an evolutionary perspective, emphasizing neural mechanisms or phenomena at least in the discussion. While some purely behavioral studies may fall within the journal's scope, the applicability of such manuscripts will be assessed on a case-by-case basis. Additionally, the journal publishes commentary articles that provide critical overviews of current topics in evolutionary neurobiology.

《Brain, Behavior and Evolution》是一本拥有忠实读者、高标准和独特形象的期刊，主要致力于神经系统进化的科学讨论。该期刊发表比较神经生物学的研究，重点关注脊椎动物和无脊椎动物的神经系统的结构、功能和发育。研究方法涵盖从解剖学和生理学到行为学的各个领域。尽管研究方法多样，但大多数发表在《Brain, Behavior and Evolution》上的论文都包含进化视角，至少在讨论中强调神经机制或现象。虽然一些纯粹的行为研究可能在期刊的范围内，但这些手稿的适用性将根据具体情况进行评估。此外，该期刊还发表评论文章，提供对当前进化神经生物学主题的批判性概述。

Brain, Behavior and Evolution

Background The origin and maintenance of species is a unifying theme in evolutionary biology. Mate choice and selection on sexual signals have emerged as powerful drivers of reproductive isolation—the key pillar of the Biological Species Concept. The mechanistic underpinnings of isolating behaviors lie in the circuit- and cellular-level properties of the brain and yet remain relatively understudied. Summary Here, I argue that temporal auditory selectivity in anuran amphibians offers a window into the proximate mechanisms of reproductive isolation. First, I discuss anuran behaviors as a longstanding neuroethological model with which to examine behavioral reproductive isolation and its neural correlates. Next, I review how modern neurobiological techniques are revealing the proximate mechanisms of the evolution of divergent mate preferences in anurans, highlighting cellular-level neural shifts in temporal coding. Finally, I discuss future research directions to reveal the neural mechanisms through which behavioral isolation is generated and maintained in anuran model systems. Key messages Anurans offer a powerful model for addressing questions about how neural barriers to gene flow arise across biological scales, and how changes in the brain contribute to speciation. Modern evolutionary neurobiology will benefit from applying new tools to this longstanding neuroethological model clade.

Carlie B. Anderson

Brain Behavior and Evolution

Unraveling the neural basis of behavioral isolation through the lens of audition in anurans

通过听觉视角揭示无尾目动物行为隔离的神经基础

Introduction Raoellidae are small artiodactyls retrieved from the middle Eocene of Asia (ca - 47 Ma) and closely related to stem Cetacea. Morphological observations of their endocranial structures allow for outlining some of the early steps of the evolutionary history of the cetacean brain. The external features of the brain and associated sinuses of Raoellidae are so far only documented by the virtual reconstruction of the endocast based on specimens of the species Indohyus indirae. These specimens are however too deformed to fully access the external morphology, surface area, and volume measurements of the brain. Methods We bring here new elements to the picture of the raoellid brain by an investigation of the internal structures of an exceptionally well-preserved cranium collected from the Kalakot area (Jammu and Kashmir, India) referred to the species Khirtharia inflata. Micro-CT scan investigation and virtual reconstruction of the endocast and associated sinuses of this specimen provide crucial additional data about the morphological diversity within Raoellidae as well as reliable linear, surfaces, and volumes measurements, allowing for quantitative studies. Results We show that, like I. indirae, the brain of K. inflata exhibits a mosaic of features observed in earliest artiodactyls: a small neocortex with simple folding pattern, widely exposed midbrain, and relatively long cerebellum. But, like Indohyus, the brain of Khirtharia shows unique derived characters also observed in stem cetaceans: narrow elongated olfactory bulbs and peduncles, posterior location of the braincase in the cranium, and complex network of blood vessels around the cerebellum. The volume of the brain relative to body mass of Khirtharia inflata is markedly small when compared to other early artiodactyls. Conclusion We show here that, cetaceans that nowadays have the second biggest brain after humans, derive from a group of animals that had a lower-than-average expected brain size. This is probably a side effect of the adaptation to aquatic life. Conversely, this very small brain size relative to body mass might be another line of evidence supporting the aquatic habits in raoellids.

Mohd Waqas

Thierry Smith

Rajendra Rana

Maeva J. Orliac

The endocranial cast of Khirtharia (Artiodactyla, Raoellidae) provides new insights into the earliest evolution of the cetacean brain

Khirtharia（偶蹄目，拉奥尔利idae科）的脑内模为鲸类大脑的最早演化提供了新见解

Introduction Movement requires maneuvers that generate thrust to either make turns or move the body forward in physical space. The computational space for perpetually controlling the relative position of every point on the body surface can be vast. We hypothesize the evolution of efficient design for movement that minimizes active (neural) control by leveraging the passive (reactive) forces between the body and the surrounding medium at play. To test our hypothesis, we investigate the presence of stereotypical postures during free-swimming in adult zebrafish, Danio rerio. Methods We perform markerless tracking using DeepLabCut, a deep learning pose estimation toolkit, to track geometric relationships between body parts. To identify putative clusters of postural configurations obtained from twelve freely behaving zebrafish, we use unsupervised multivariate time-series analysis (B-SOiD machine learning software). Results When applied to single individuals, this method reveals a best-fit for 36 to 50 clusters in contrast to 86 clusters for data pooled from all 12 animals. The centroids of each cluster obtained over 14,000 sequential frames recorded for a single fish represent an apriori classification into relatively stable “target body postures” and inter-pose “transitional postures” that lead towards and away from a target pose. We use multidimensional scaling of mean parameter values for each cluster to map cluster-centroids within two dimensions of postural space. From a post-priori visual analysis, we condense neighboring postural variants into 15 superclusters or core body configurations. We develop a nomenclature specifying the anteroposterior level/s (upper, mid and lower) and degree of bending. Conclusion Our results suggest that constraining bends to mainly three levels in adult zebrafish preempts the neck, fore- and hindlimb design for maneuverability in land vertebrates.

Jagmeet S. Kanwal

Bhavjeet S. Sanghera

Riya Dabbi

Eric Glasgow

Pose analysis in free-swimming adult zebrafish, Danio rerio: “fishy” origins of movement design

自由游泳成年斑马鱼（Danio rerio）的姿态分析：运动设计的“鱼类”起源

Background Glia represent a major cell population of the nervous system and they take part in virtually any process sustaining the development, the functioning and the pathology of the nervous system. Glial cells diversified significantly during evolution and distinct signals have been adopted to initiate glial development in mammals as compared to flies. In the invertebrate model Drosophila melanogaster, the transcription factor Gcm is necessary and sufficient to generate glial cells. Although Gcm orthologs have been found in protostomes and deuterostomes, they do not act in glial fate commitment as in flies, calling for further investigations of the evolutionarily conserved role of Gcm. Summary Here, we review the impact of the fly Gcm transcription factor in the differentiation of phagocytic competent cells inside and outside the nervous system, glia and macrophages respectively. Then, we discuss the evolutionary conservation of Gcm and the neural/non-neural functions of Gcm orthologs. Finally, we present a recent work from Pavlidaki et al. showing that the Gcm cascade is conserved from fly macrophages to mammalian microglia to counteract acute and chronic inflammation. Key Messages Gcm has an ancestral role in immunity and its anti-inflammatory effect is evolutionarily conserved. This opens new avenues to assess Gcm function in other species/animal models, its potential involvement in inflammation-related processes, such as regeneration, and to expand the investigation on glia evolution.

Sara Monticelli

Angela Giangrande

Evolutionary conservation of the Gcm/Glide cascade: of glia and beyond

Gcm/Glide级联的进化保守性：不仅仅是胶质细胞

Introduction Different functional domains can be identified along the longitudinal axis of the mammalian hippocampus. We have recently hypothesized that a similar functional gradient may exist along the longitudinal axis of the avian hippocampal formation (HF) as well. If the two gradients are homologous, we would expect the caudal HF to be more responsive to acute stress than the rostral HF. Methods We restrained 8 adult Dekalb White hens in a bag for 30 minutes under red-light conditions and compared FOS immunoreactive (FOS-ir) cell densities in different hippocampal subdivisions to control hens. Results Although we could find no evidence of an activated stress response in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis of the restrained birds, we did find a significant increase in FOS-ir cell densities in the rostral HF of the restrained birds compared to controls. Conclusion We speculate that the HF response is not due to an acute stress response, but instead it is related to the change in spatial context that was part of taking the birds and restraining them in a different room. We see no activation in the caudal HF. This would be consistent with our hypothesis that the longitudinal axis of the avian HF is homologous to the long axis of the mammalian hippocampus.

Abbreviation	Brain Behav Evol
Journal Impact	2.21
Quartiles(Global)	ZOOLOGY(Q1)

ISSN	0006-8977, 1421-9743
h-index	84

Publication Information	Publisher: S. Karger AG，Publishing cycle: Bimonthly，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 1968，Proportion of original research papers: 68.42%，Self Citation Rate:4.80%， Gold OA Rate: 32.89%
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：>12周，或约稿
Average recruitment ratio	网友分享经验：较易

Brain, Behavior and Evolution

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Unraveling the neural basis of behavioral isolation through the lens of audition in anurans

The endocranial cast of Khirtharia (Artiodactyla, Raoellidae) provides new insights into the earliest evolution of the cetacean brain

Pose analysis in free-swimming adult zebrafish, Danio rerio: “fishy” origins of movement design

Evolutionary conservation of the Gcm/Glide cascade: of glia and beyond

Functional Differentiation along the Rostro-Caudal Axis of the Avian Hippocampal Formation

Unraveling the neural basis of behavioral isolation through the lens of audition in anurans

Pose analysis in free-swimming adult zebrafish, Danio rerio: “fishy” origins of movement design

The endocranial cast of Khirtharia (Artiodactyla, Raoellidae) provides new insights into the earliest evolution of the cetacean brain

Evolutionary conservation of the Gcm/Glide cascade: of glia and beyond

Functional Differentiation along the Rostro-Caudal Axis of the Avian Hippocampal Formation