Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society publishes peer-reviewed scientific studies in human factors/ergonomics that present theoretical and practical advances concerning the relationship between people and technologies, tools, environments, and systems. Papers published in Human Factors leverage fundamental knowledge of human capabilities and limitations – and the basic understanding of cognitive, physical, behavioral, physiological, social, developmental, affective, and motivational aspects of human performance – to yield design principles; enhance training, selection, and communication; and ultimately improve human-system interfaces and sociotechnical systems that lead to safer and more effective outcomes.

Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society publishes peer-reviewed scientific studies in the field of human factors/ergonomics, focusing on the relationship between people and technologies, tools, environments, and systems. The papers published in Human Factors are based on fundamental knowledge of human capabilities and limitations, as well as an understanding of cognitive, physical, behavioral, physiological, social, developmental, affective, and motivational aspects of human performance. These studies yield design principles, enhance training, selection, and communication, and ultimately improve human-system interfaces and sociotechnical systems, leading to safer and more effective outcomes.

《Human Factors》是人因与工程学会的期刊，发表经过同行评审的科学研究，专注于人因/工程学领域，探讨人与技术、工具、环境和系统之间的关系。该期刊发表的论文基于对人类能力和局限性的基本认识，以及对认知、身体、行为、生理、社会、发展、情感和动机等人类表现各个方面的理解，提出设计原则，提升培训、选拔和沟通的效果，最终改善人机界面和社会技术系统，从而实现更安全和更有效的结果。

Human Factors

Objective: To examine whether continually updated information about a system's confidence in its ability to perform assigned tasks improves operators' trust calibration in, and use of, an automated decision support system (DSS). Background: The introduction of decision aids often leads to performance breakdowns that are related to automation bias and trust miscalibration. This can be explained, in part, by the fact that operators are informed about overall system reliability only, which makes it impossible for them to decide on a case-by-case basis whether to follow the system's advice. Method: The application for this research was a neural net-based decision aid that assists pilots with detecting and handling in-flight icing encounters. A multifactorial experiment was carried out with two groups of 15 instructor pilots each flying a series of 28 approaches in a motion-base simulator. One group was informed about the system's overall reliability only, whereas the other group received updated system confidence information. Results: Pilots in the updated group experienced significantly fewer icing-related stalls and were more likely to reverse their initial response to an icing condition when it did not produce desired results. Their estimate of the system's accuracy was more accurate than that of the fixed group. Conclusion: The presentation of continually updated system confidence information can improve trust calibration and thus lead to better performance of the human-machine team. Application: The findings from this research can inform the design of decision support systems in a variety of event-driven high-tempo domains.

John M. McGuirl

Nadine B. Sarter

Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society

Hum Factors

Supporting Trust Calibration and the Effective Use of Decision Aids by Presenting Dynamic System Confidence Information

支持信任校准及通过展示动态系统信心信息有效使用决策辅助工具

Objective: The current study examined human–human reliance during a computer-based scenario where participants interacted with a human aid and an automated tool simultaneously. Background: Reliance on others is complex, and few studies have examined human–human reliance in the context of automation. Past research found that humans are biased in their perceived utility of automated tools such that they view them as more accurate than humans. Prior reviews have postulated differences in human–human versus human–machine reliance, yet few studies have examined such reliance when individuals are presented with divergent information from different sources. Method: Participants ( N = 40) engaged in the Convoy Leader experiment. They selected a convoy route based on explicit guidance from a human aid and information from an automated map. Subjective and behavioral human–human reliance indices were assessed. Perceptions of risk were manipulated by creating three scenarios (low, moderate, and high) that varied in the amount of vulnerability (i.e., potential for attack) associated with the convoy routes. Results: Results indicated that participants reduced their behavioral reliance on the human aid when faced with higher risk decisions (suggesting increased reliance on the automation); however, there were no reported differences in intentions to rely on the human aid relative to the automation. Conclusion: The current study demonstrated that when individuals are provided information from both a human aid and automation, their reliance on the human aid decreased during high-risk decisions. Application: This study adds to a growing understanding of the biases and preferences that exist during complex human–human and human–machine interactions.

Joseph B. Lyons

Charlene K. Stokes

Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society

Human–Human Reliance in the Context of Automation

自动化背景下的人际依赖

Objective: We provide an empirical demonstration of the importance of attending to human user individual differences in examinations of trust and automation use. Background: Past research has generally supported the notions that machine reliability predicts trust in automation, and trust in turn predicts automation use. However, links between user personality and perceptions of the machine with trust in automation have not been empirically established. Method: On our X-ray screening task, 255 students rated trust and made automation use decisions while visually searching for weapons in X-ray images of luggage. Results: We demonstrate that individual differences affect perceptions of machine characteristics when actual machine characteristics are constant, that perceptions account for 52% of trust variance above the effects of actual characteristics, and that perceptions mediate the effects of actual characteristics on trust. Importantly, we also demonstrate that when administered at different times, the same six trust items reflect two types of trust (dispositional trust and history-based trust) and that these two trust constructs are differentially related to other variables. Interactions were found among user characteristics, machine characteristics, and automation use. Conclusion: Our results suggest that increased specificity in the conceptualization and measurement of trust is required, future researchers should assess user perceptions of machine characteristics in addition to actual machine characteristics, and incorporation of user extraversion and propensity to trust machines can increase prediction of automation use decisions. Application: Potential applications include the design of flexible automation training programs tailored to individuals who differ in systematic ways.

Stephanie M. Merritt

Daniel R. Ilgen

Not All Trust Is Created Equal: Dispositional and History-Based Trust in Human-Automation Interactions

并非所有信任都平等：人类-自动化交互中的特质信任与基于历史的信任

In two experiments we examined a number of related factors postulated to influence head-up display (HUD) performance. We addressed the benefit of reduced scanning and the cost of increasing the number of elements in the visual field by comparing a superimposed HUD with an identical display in a head-down position in varying visibility conditions. We explored the extent to which the characteristics of HUD symbology support a division of attention by contrasting conformal symbology (which links elements of the display image to elements of the far domain) with traditional instrument landing system (ILS) symbology. Together the two experiments provide strong evidence that minimizing scanning between flight instruments and the far domain contributes substantially to the observed HUD performance advantage. Experiment 1 provides little evidence for a performance cost attributable to visual clutter. In Experiment 2 the pattern of differences in lateral tracking error between conformal and traditional ILS symbology supports the hypothesis that, to the extent that the symbology forms an object with the far domain, attention may be divided between the superimposed image and its counterpart in the far domain.

Robin Martin-Emerson

Christopher D. Wickens

Superimposition, Symbology, Visual Attention, and the Head-Up Display

叠加、符号学、视觉注意力和平视显示器

This article provides a review of empirical studies of automated vehicle takeovers and driver modeling to identify influential factors and their impacts on takeover performance and suggest driver models that can capture them.Significant safety issues remain in automated-to-manual transitions of vehicle control. Developing models and computer simulations of automated vehicle control transitions may help designers mitigate these issues, but only if accurate models are used. Selecting accurate models requires estimating the impact of factors that influence takeovers.Articles describing automated vehicle takeovers or driver modeling research were identified through a systematic approach. Inclusion criteria were used to identify relevant studies and models of braking, steering, and the complete takeover process for further review.The reviewed studies on automated vehicle takeovers identified several factors that significantly influence takeover time and post-takeover control. Drivers were found to respond similarly between manual emergencies and automated takeovers, albeit with a delay. The findings suggest that existing braking and steering models for manual driving may be applicable to modeling automated vehicle takeovers.Time budget, repeated exposure to takeovers, silent failures, and handheld secondary tasks significantly influence takeover time. These factors in addition to takeover request modality, driving environment, non-handheld secondary tasks, level of automation, trust, fatigue, and alcohol significantly impact post-takeover control. Models that capture these effects through evidence accumulation were identified as promising directions for future work.Stakeholders interested in driver behavior during automated vehicle takeovers may use this article to identify starting points for their work.

Anthony D. McDonald

Hananeh Alambeigi

Johan Engström

Gustav Markkula

Tobias Vogelpohl

Jarrett Dunne

Norbert Yuma

Toward Computational Simulations of Behavior During Automated Driving Takeovers: A Review of the Empirical and Modeling Literatures

面向自动驾驶接管过程中行为计算模拟的研究进展：实证与建模文献综述

To explore and validate effective eye movement features related to motion sickness (MS) through closed-track experiments and to provide valuable insights for practical applications.

Yanlu Cao

Maosong Jiang

Zhuxi Yao

Shufeng Xia

Wenlong Liu

Exploring Eye Movement Features of Motion Sickness Using Closed-Track Driving Experiments

利用闭环驾驶实验探索运动病的眼动特征

Objective This study aims to analyze the effect of correlated color temperature from LED glare sources on driving performance. The evaluation includes assessing the effect of disability glare on visual reaction time and rating discomfort glare using a standardized scale. Background LED technology is widely incorporated into various lighting systems; however, the impact of glare from oncoming car headlamps on driving performance at night-time is crucial for road safety. Method Twenty-three healthy young subjects participated in a laboratory-based experiment simulating night driving using a two-channel Maxwellian view optical system. Two LED lamps with correlated color temperature of 2800 K and 6500 K were used to generate a glare of 52 lx. Disability glare was quantified in terms of foveal reaction time and discomfort glare was rated using the de Boer scale. Results The results show that glare-induced effect is mitigated by an increase in background luminance. The correlated color temperature of the LED lamp does not affect either reaction time or discomfort glare rating. Conclusion The greater short-wavelength emission of 6500 K lamp does not intensify the effect of disability or discomfort glare, probably due to the macular pigment absorption on foveal vision and the transparency of ocular media, coupled with the involvement of other contributing factors. The correlated color temperature of the lamp is not the best descriptive parameter to identify its effect on glare. Application It is important to consider the impact of LED technology on visual performance to enhance road safety in critical glare situations during night driving.

Beatriz M. Matesanz

Eduardo G. Vicente

Luis Issolio

Fernando Rodríguez Merino

M Teresa G. Arteaga

Isabel Arranz

Glare at Night-Time Driving: Effect of Correlated Color Temperature of Led Lamps

夜间驾驶中的眩光：LED灯相关色温的影响

Objective To gather the existing evidence on the impact of sit-stand desk-based interventions on working-time and full-day sedentary behavior and compare their impact across different intervention lengths. Background Reducing sedentary behavior is vital for improving office workers’ health. Sit-stand desks promote sitting and standing alternation, but understanding their effects outside the workplace is essential for success. Methods Studies published between January 2008 and January 2024 were searched through electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library). The quality of the studies was assessed using the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies of the Effective Public Health Practice Project. Results Twelve included studies showed that the intervention group experienced average reductions in full-day sedentary behavior of 68.7 min/day at 3 months, 77.7 min/day at 6 months, and 62.1 min/day at 12 months compared to the control group. For working hours sedentary behavior, reductions were observed in the intervention group at 9 weeks (73.0 min/day), 3 months (88.0 min/day), 6 months (80.8 min/day), and 12 months (48.0 min/day) relative to the control group. Conclusions Sit-stand desk interventions can be effective in helping office workers reduce sedentary behavior in the short, medium, and long-term both at work and throughout the full-day. Application Active workstation interventions, including sit-stand desks, educational sessions, and alert software, aim to reduce sedentary behavior among office workers. While sit-stand desks show promise in decreasing sitting time during working hours, their long-term effectiveness and impact beyond the workplace remain uncertain. This review evaluates their effectiveness across different durations, addressing both workplace and full-day impact.

Hélio Silva

Pedro G. F. Ramos

Sabrina C. Teno

Pedro B. Júdice

The Impact of Sit-Stand Desks on Full-Day and Work-Based Sedentary Behavior of Office Workers: A Systematic Review

办公桌站立对办公室职员全天及工作相关静坐行为的影响：一项系统综述

Objective This study aims to compare the relative sensitivity between scene-independent and scene-dependent eye metrics in assessing trainees' performance in simulated psychomotor tasks. Background Eye metrics have been extensively studied for skill assessment and training in psychomotor tasks, including aviation, driving, and surgery. These metrics can be categorized as scene-independent or scene-dependent, based on whether predefined areas of interest are considered. There is a paucity of direct comparisons between these metric types, particularly in their ability to assess performance during early training. Method Thirteen medical students practiced the peg transfer task in the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery. Scene-independent and scene-dependent eye metrics, completion time, and tool motion metrics were derived from eye-tracking data and task videos. K-means clustering of nine eye metrics identified three groups of practice trials with similar gaze behaviors, corresponding to three performance levels verified by completion time and tool motion metrics. A random forest model using eye metrics estimated classification accuracy and determined the feature importance of the eye metrics. Results Scene-dependent eye metrics demonstrated a clearer linear trend with performance levels than scene-independent metrics. The random forest model achieved 88.59% accuracy, identifying the top four predictors of performance as scene-dependent metrics, whereas the two least effective predictors were scene-independent metrics. Conclusion Scene-dependent eye metrics are overall more sensitive than scene-independent ones for assessing trainee performance in simulated psychomotor tasks. Application The study’s findings are significant for advancing eye metrics in psychomotor skill assessment and training, enhancing operator competency, and promoting safe operations.

Shiyu Deng

Chaitanya Kulkarni

Jinwoo Oh

Sarah Henrickson Parker

Nathan Lau

Comparison Between Scene-Independent and Scene-Dependent Eye Metrics in Assessing Psychomotor Skills

评估心理运动技能中场景独立与场景依赖眼动指标的比较

Objective The study investigates users’ tendency to access decision support (DS) systems as a function of the correlation between the DS information and the information users already have, the ongoing interaction with such systems, and the effect of correlated information on subjective trust. Background Previous research has shown inconclusive findings regarding whether people prefer information that correlates with information they already have. Some studies conclude that individuals recognize the value of noncorrelated information, given its unique content, while others suggest that users favor correlated information as it aligns with existing evidence. The impact of the level of correlation on performance, subjective trust, and the decision to use DS remains unclear. Method In an experiment ( N = 481), participants made classification decisions based on available information. They could also purchase additional DS with different degrees of correlation with the available information. Results Participants tended to purchase information more often when the DS was not correlated with the available information. Correlated information reduced performance, and the effect of correlation on subjective trust and performance depended on DS sensitivity. Conclusion Additional information may not improve performance when it is correlated with available information (i.e., it is redundant). Hence, the benefits of additional information and DS depend on the information the system and the operator use. Application It is essential to analyze the correlations between information sources and design the available information to allow optimal task performance and possibly minimize redundancy (e.g., by locating sensors in different positions to capture independent data).

Yoav Ben Yaakov

Maja Denisova

Filmona Mulugeta

Joachim Meyer

Normative or Confirmative: Effects of Information Quality and Redundancy in Decision Support Systems

规范性还是确认性：决策支持系统中信息质量和冗余的影响

Abbreviation	Hum Factors
Journal Impact	3.05
Quartiles(Global)	PSYCHOLOGY, APPLIED(Q2)

ISSN	0018-7208, 1547-8181
h-index	140

Publication Information	Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc.，Publishing cycle: Quarterly，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 1958，Proportion of original research papers: 93.64%，Self Citation Rate:10.30%， Gold OA Rate: 22.22%
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：较慢,6-12周
Average recruitment ratio	网友分享经验：容易

Human Factors

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