自 1947 年出版的《微生物学年度评论》涵盖了微生物学领域的重大发展，包括细菌、古生菌、病毒和单细胞真核生物。

Since its inception in 1947, the Annual Review of Microbiology has covered significant developments in the field of microbiology, including research advancements in bacteria, archaea, viruses, and unicellular eukaryotes.

《Annual Review of Microbiology》自1947年出版以来，涵盖了微生物学领域的重要发展，包括细菌、古生菌、病毒和单细胞真核生物的研究进展。

Annual Review of Microbiology

My path in science began with a fascination for microbiology and phages and later involved a switch of subjects to the fungus Ustilago maydis and how it causes disease in maize. I will not provide a review of my work but rather focus on decisive findings, serendipitous, lucky moments when major advances made the U. maydis–maize system what it is now—a well-established model for biotrophic fungi. I also want to share with you the joy of finding the needle in a haystack at the very end of my scientific career, a fungal structure likely used for effector delivery, and how we were able to translate this into a potential application in agriculture.

Regine Kahmann

My Personal Journey from the Fascination for Phages to a Tumor-Inducing Fungal Pathogen of Corn

从噬菌体着迷到玉米肿瘤诱导真菌病原体的个人旅程

Small heat shock proteins (sHsps) constitute a diverse chaperone family that shares the α-crystallin domain, which is flanked by variable, disordered N- and C-terminal extensions. sHsps act as the first line of cellular defense against protein unfolding stress. They form dynamic, large oligomers that represent inactive storage forms. Stress conditions cause a rapid increase in cellular sHsp levels and trigger conformational rearrangements, resulting in exposure of substrate-binding sites and sHsp activation. sHsps bind to early-unfolding intermediates of misfolding proteins in an ATP-independent manner and sequester them in sHsp/substrate complexes. Sequestration protects substrates from further uncontrolled aggregation and facilitates their refolding by ATP-dependent Hsp70-Hsp100 disaggregases. Some sHsps with particularly strong sequestrase activity, such as yeast Hsp42, are critical factors for forming large, microscopically visible deposition sites of misfolded proteins in vivo. These sites are organizing centers for triaging substrates to distinct quality control pathways, preferentially Hsp70-dependent refolding and selective autophagy.

Axel Mogk

Carmen Ruger-Herreros

Bernd Bukau

Cellular Functions and Mechanisms of Action of Small Heat Shock Proteins

小热休克蛋白的细胞功能及作用机制

Burgeoning problems of antimicrobial resistance dictate that new solutions be developed to combat old foes. Use of lytic bacteriophages (phages) for the treatment of drug-resistant bacterial infections is one approach that has gained significant traction in recent years. Fueled by reports of experimental phage therapy cases with very positive patient outcomes, several early-stage clinical trials of therapeutic phage products have been launched in the United States. Eventual licensure enabling widespread access to phages is the goal; however, new paths to regulatory approval and mass-market distribution, distinct from those of small-molecule antibiotics, must be forged first. This review highlights unique aspects related to the clinical use of phages, including advantages to be reaped as well as challenges to be overcome.

Shayla Hesse

Sankar Adhya

Annu. Rev. Microbiol.

Phage Therapy in the Twenty-First Century: Facing the Decline of the Antibiotic Era; Is It Finally Time for the Age of the Phage?

二十一世纪的噬菌体疗法：面对抗生素时代的衰落；噬菌体时代终于来临了吗？

Virulence factors of pathogenic bacteria (adhesins, toxins, invasins, protein secretion systems, iron uptake systems, and others) may be encoded by particular regions of the prokaryotic genome termed pathogenicity islands. Pathogenicity islands were first described in human pathogens of the species Escherichia coli, but have recently been found in the genomes of various pathogens of humans, animals, and plants. Pathogenicity islands comprise large genomic regions [10-200 kilobases (kb) in size] that are present on the genomes of pathogenic strains but absent from the genomes of nonpathogenic members of the same or related species. The finding that the G+C content of pathogenicity islands often differs from that of the rest of the genome, the presence of direct repeats at their ends, the association of pathogenicity islands with transfer RNA genes, the presence of integrase determinants and other mobility loci, and their genetic instability argue for the generation of pathogenicity islands by horizontal gene transfer, a process that is well known to contribute to microbial evolution. In this article we review these and other aspects of pathogenicity islands and discuss the concept that they represent a subclass of genomic islands. Genomic islands are present in the majority of genomes of pathogenic as well as nonpathogenic bacteria and may encode accessory functions which have been previously spread among bacterial populations.

Jörg Hacker

James B. Kaper

Pathogenicity Islands and the Evolution of Microbes

致病岛与微生物的进化

Type IV pili are adhesins expressed by a number of diverse gram-negative microorganisms. These pili are related through similarities in the primary amino acid sequences of the structural subunits, a conserved assembly machinery, and a similar mechanism of transcriptional regulation. Type IV pilus assembly is preceded by proteolytic processing and N-methylation of the pilin polypeptide. This process is carried out by a novel bifunctional enzyme PilD, first identified in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Moreover, proteins homologous with type IV pilins have been shown to function in extracellular protein secretion in gram-negative bacteria and in transformation competence in gram-positive microorganisms. Like prepilin, these proteins are also processed and N-methylated by PilD. Transcription of the genes for type IV pilins is carried out by an RNA polymerase with a minor sigma factor, RpoN. In P. aeruginosa two other regulatory elements (PilS and PilR) are required for pilin expression. RpoN, but not PilS and PilR, is required for expression of a diverse set of bacterial genes. Therefore, regulation of synthesis and posttranslational modification and assembly of type IV pili serves as a useful model for a number of diverse biological processes in the bacterial cell.

M S Strom

S Lory

STRUCTURE-FUNCTION AND BIOGENESIS OF THE TYPE IV PILI

IV型菌毛的结构-功能与生物发生

Mycoviruses are widely distributed among various kinds of fungi. Over the past 10 years, more novel mycoviruses have been discovered with the use of high-throughput sequencing techniques, and research on mycoviruses has made fantastic progress, promoting our understanding of the diversity, classification, evolution, and ecology of the entire virosphere. Mycoviruses affect the biological and ecological functions of their hosts, for example, by suppressing or improving hosts’ virulence and reproduction ability, and subsequently affect the microbiological community where their hosts live; hence, we may develop mycoviruses to regulate the health of environments, plants, animals, and human beings. In this review, we introduce recently discovered mycoviruses from fungi of humans, animals, plants, and environments, and their diversity, evolution, and ecological characteristics. We also present the potential application of mycoviruses by describing the latest progress on using mycoviruses to control plant diseases. Finally, we discuss the main issues facing mycovirus research in the future.

Jiatao Xie

Daohong Jiang

Understanding the Diversity, Evolution, Ecology, and Applications of Mycoviruses

理解真菌病毒的多样性、演化、生态及应用

Cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) is a near-ubiquitous signaling molecule that regulates the motility-to-sessility transition in many bacterial species. Among the phenotypes influenced by c-di-GMP are biofilm formation, motility, cell cycle, and virulence. The hallmark phenotypes regulated by c-di-GMP—biofilm formation and motility—are key determinants of host–bacterial interactions. A large body of research has identified the roles of c-di-GMP in regulating phenotypes in culture. While numerous studies have investigated roles for c-di-GMP during the establishment and maintenance of pathogenic host–bacterial associations, considerably less attention has been devoted to defining the roles of c-di-GMP during beneficial and commensal associations. This review describes the known roles of c-di-GMP in regulating phenotypes that contribute to host colonization, with a focus on knowledge gaps and future prospects for examining c-di-GMP during beneficial colonization.

Ruth Y. Isenberg

Mark J. Mandel

Cyclic Diguanylate in the Wild: Roles During Plant and Animal Colonization

野生环境中的环二鸟苷酸：在植物和动物定殖中的作用

Gram-negative bacteria build an asymmetric outer membrane (OM), with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and phospholipids (PLs) occupying the outer and inner leaflets, respectively. This distinct lipid arrangement is widely conserved within the Bacteria domain and confers strong protection against physical and chemical insults. The OM is physically separated from the inner membrane and the cytoplasm, where most cellular resources are located; therefore, the cell faces unique challenges in the assembly and maintenance of this asymmetric bilayer. Here, we present a framework for how gram-negative bacteria initially establish and continuously maintain OM lipid asymmetry, discussing the state-of-the-art knowledge of specialized lipid transport machines that place LPS and PLs directly into their corresponding leaflets in the OM, prevent excess PL accumulation and mislocalization, and correct any lipid asymmetry defects. We critically assess current studies, or the lack thereof, and highlight important future directions for research on OM lipid transport, homeostasis, and asymmetry.

Wee Boon Tan

Shu-Sin Chng

How Bacteria Establish and Maintain Outer Membrane Lipid Asymmetry

细菌如何建立和维持外膜脂质不对称性

Parasite manipulation of host behavior, as an effective strategy to establish transmission, has evolved multiple times across taxa, including fungi. Major strides have been made to propose molecular mechanisms that underlie manipulative parasite-host interactions including the manipulation of carpenter ant behavior by Ophiocordyceps. This research suggests that the secretion of parasite proteins and light-driven biological rhythms are likely involved in the infection and manipulation biology of Ophiocordyceps and other manipulating parasites. Here, we discuss research on Ophiocordyceps considering findings from other (fungal) parasites that either are relatively closely related (e.g., other insect- and plant-infecting Hypocreales) or also manipulate insect behavior (e.g., Entomophthorales). As such, this review aims to put forward this question: Are the mechanisms behind Ophiocordyceps manipulation and infection unique, or did they convergently evolve? From this discussion, we pose functional hypotheses about the infection biology of Ophiocordyceps that will need to be addressed in future studies.

Emmeline van Roosmalen

Charissa de Bekker

Mechanisms Underlying Ophiocordyceps Infection and Behavioral Manipulation of Ants: Unique or Ubiquitous?

蛇形虫草感染及对蚂蚁行为操控的机制：独特还是普遍？

Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is one of Earth's most abundant organosulfur compounds with important roles in stress tolerance, chemotaxis, global carbon and sulfur cycling, and climate-active gas production. Diverse marine prokaryotes and eukaryotes produce DMSP via three known pathways (methylation, transamination, and decarboxylation) and metabolize DMSP via three further pathways (demethylation, cleavage, and oxidation). Over 20 key enzymes from these pathways have been identified to inform on the biodiversity and importance of DMSP cycling. The last dozen years have seen significant changes in our understanding of the enzymology and molecular mechanisms of these DMSP cycling enzymes through the application of biochemistry and structural biology. This has yielded more than 10 crystal structures and, in many cases, detailed explanations as to how and why organisms synthesis and metabolize DMSP. In this review, we describe recent progress in biochemical and mechanistic understandings of DMSP synthesis and metabolism, highlighting the important knowledge gleaned and current challenges that warrant further exploration.

短名	Annu. Rev. Microbiol.
Journal Impact	8.35
国际分区	MICROBIOLOGY(Q1)
期刊索引	SCI Q1中科院 1 区

ISSN	0066-4227, 1545-3251
h-index	213
国内分区	生物学(1区)生物学微生物学(2区)

涉及主题	生物化学遗传学生物化学基因医学地质学古生物学细菌微生物学物理有机化学免疫学计算生物学生态学内科学细胞生物学
出版信息	出版商: Annual Reviews Inc.，出版周期: Annual，期刊类型: journal，开源期刊: 否
基本数据	创刊年份: 1962，原创研究文献占比: 0.00%，自引率:0.00%， Gold OA占比: 28.00%
平均审稿周期	网友分享经验：约稿?周期不定
平均录用比例	网友分享经验：约稿形式

Annual Review of Microbiology

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