BALTICA 是一本关于地球科学的国际期刊，致力于波罗的海国家地区和波罗的海问题。本版年鉴由 VYTAUTAS GUDELIS 院士于 1961 年发起。自 1993 年以来，该期刊的总编辑成为 ALGIMANTAS GRIGELIS 院士。 BALTICA 与环波罗的海国家的地球科学家合作，每半年出版一次（6 月和 12 月）。BALTICA 正在出版有关各种地球科学问题的国际利益的原始同行评审论文。特别强调第四纪地质、气候变化和生态系统的发展、古地理、环境地质，以及与波罗的海和陆地地区的地质历史相关的地层学、构造学、沉积学和地表过程。杂志强调现代技术、方法和标准。期刊结构包括原创文章、短评、信息、参考书目。

BALTICA is an international journal dedicated to Earth sciences, focusing on the Baltic Sea region and related issues. Founded in 1961 by Academician VYTAUTAS GUDELIS, the journal has been edited by Academician ALGIMANTAS GRIGELIS since 1993. BALTICA collaborates with Earth scientists from the Baltic Sea countries and publishes twice a year (in June and December). The journal features original peer-reviewed papers on various Earth science topics, with a particular emphasis on Quaternary geology, climate change, ecosystem development, paleogeography, environmental geology, as well as stratigraphy, tectonics, sedimentology, and surface processes related to the geological history of the Baltic Sea and adjacent land areas. The journal highlights modern technologies, methods, and standards, and includes original articles, short reviews, information, and bibliographies.

《Baltica》是一本专注于地球科学的国际期刊，主要关注波罗的海国家及相关问题。该期刊由VYTAUTAS GUDELIS院士于1961年创办，自1993年起，ALGIMANTAS GRIGELIS院士担任总编辑。《Baltica》与环波罗的海地区的地球科学家合作，每年出版两期（分别在6月和12月）。期刊发表关于各种地球科学问题的原创同行评审论文，特别关注第四纪地质、气候变化、生态系统发展、古地理、环境地质，以及与波罗的海及其陆地地区的地质历史相关的地层学、构造学、沉积学和地表过程。期刊强调现代技术、方法和标准，内容包括原创研究文章、短评、信息和参考书目。

Baltica

Hydraulic conductivity (k) is a crucial parameter in hydrogeology and engineering geology, describing the rate at which water filters through porous media, i.e., soil. It can be determined directly through tests on soil samples in situ, or it can be calculated from other soil parameters using various equations and models. This study aims to compare the results of six machine learning (ML) models with those of four empirical formulas and to identify the soil parameters required for the optimal ML performance. A dataset consisting of 282 unique entries of Lithuanian soils was compiled from laboratory testing reports. Twelve features, including grain sizes and particle diameters, were used to create 4095 combinations of inputs for each ML algorithm. Prediction results were evaluated using the determination coefficient (R²) and the mean absolute error (MAE). The ML models provided more accurate predictions (R² 0.36–0.46, MAE 2.31–2.81 m/d) compared to the empirical formulas (R² 0.10–0.33, MAE 3.05–6.54 m/d). However, some ML models showed signs of overfitting. The study also revealed that each ML algorithm performs best with a customized combination of input parameters, ranging from 4 to 8, whereas the empirical formulas used in this study utilize only 1–2 parameters.

Rustu Orkun Karamut

Adil Binal

Artificial neural networks-based ternary charts for predicting strength and frost heaving in mountain soils

基于人工神经网络的山地土壤强度与冻胀预测三元图

In this paper, we present the results of a high-resolution pollen study covering the 8720–7990 cal yr BP time interval from a well-dated core of lacustrine sediments in Lake Amalvas, southwest Lithuania, supplemented by loss-on-ignition and magnetic susceptibility analyses. The 20–25-year interval between samples allows for a temporally-detailed investigation of changes in sedimentation in the lake’s catchment and vegetation in its surroundings. Key findings include a marked increase in magnetic susceptibility and a simultaneous decrease in organic matter values at 8650 cal yr BP, indicating landscape instability due to local hydrological changes. An increase in alder pollen during 8510–8260 cal yr BP suggests heightened humidity, while a slight rise in birch pollen from 8530 to 8430 cal yr BP and a nearly simultaneous decrease in thermophilous tree pollen imply a cooling trend, probably linked to broader climatic fluctuations preceding the 8.2 ka event. Notably, evidence of the 8.2 ka event itself is negligible from the Lake Amalvas sediments, indicating a mild environmental impact in southern Lithuania. The precise dating of the Early Holocene hazel maximum (8640–8590 cal yr BP) and a notable increase in pine pollen between 8200 and 8160 cal yr BP provide valuable regional chronological markers. These findings enhance our understanding of Holocene environmental dynamics in southern Lithuania and offer reference points for future paleoenvironmental research.

Lauras Balakauskas

Laura Gedminienė

Žana Skuratovič

Rugilė Lalaitė

Giedrė Vaikutienė

Environmental changes in SW Lithuania during 8720–7990 cal yr BP: analysis of Lake Amalvas sediments

8720-7990 cal yr BP期间立陶宛西南部环境变化：对阿马尔瓦斯湖沉积物的分析

Over the last two decades, there has been an intensive research effort focused on studying the climate fluctuations during the Ordovician period. In this study, we provide brachiopod and bulk carbonate rock stable isotopic data for oxygen (O) and carbon (C) from the Middle Ordovician succession from northern Estonia for evaluating the Middle Ordovician palaeotemperature and palaeoenvironmental history. We present δ18O curves from eight northern Estonian outcrops. This new data, together with the published results, enable compiling the first complete stable oxygen isotopic curve for Middle Ordovician to early Silurian for the eastern Baltoscandian Palaeobasin. Combining the published and new δ13Cbrac and δ18Obrac data allows us to address chemostratigraphic correlation in the Middle Ordovician. The Baltoscandian δ18O data generally confirm a cooling trend from Early to Middle Ordovician documented by previous studies in different palaeobasins.

Bilal Gul

Leho Ainsaar

Tõnu Meidla

Baltoscandian Middle Ordovician brachiopod oxygen stable isotope trends: implications for palaeotemperature changes

波罗的海-斯堪的纳维亚中奥陶世腕足类氧稳定同位素趋势：对古温度变化的启示

In the present study, an evaluation of the region-time-magnitude behaviours of the earthquake occurrences in the West Anatolian Region (WAR), Türkiye, is carried out using the statistical and seismotectonic parameters such as the b-value of Gutenberg-Richter relation, occurrence probabilities, and return periods of earthquakes. We also have mapped the Coulomb stress changes to observe the current and future earthquake hazard. In recent years, several large earthquakes such as the 1919 Soma (Mw = 6.7) and the 2022 and 2024 Aegean Sea (Mw = 5.3 and Mw = 5.1) revealed earthquake potential in the WAR. Coulomb stress analyses of 41 local events with mostly normal fault mechanisms have shown that positive lobes (&gt; 0.0 in bars) are mainly confined in the crust and uppermost mantle depths around Samos, Kos, and south of Lesvos. The smaller b-values (&lt; 1.0) are observed in the same regions. On the contrary, we have observed a higher b-value from the offshore to onshore, south to north-trending direction, and negative scattered stress lobes (&lt; 0.0 in bars) in slightly NW–SE oriented. The relationship between an increased b-value and negative stress change may indicate a similar seismicity for the region. In addition, we have analyzed the occurrence probabilities and return periods of the earthquakes, which showed us that Mw = 6.0 may occur at 75% in the intermediate term with an estimation of ~7 years. Our results reflect that these types of multiple-parameter assessments are important to define regional seismicity, seismic, tectonic, and statistical behaviours. Consequently, the areas with reductions in b-values and increments in stress imply the possible seismic hazard in the intermediate/long term.

Serkan Öztürk

Hamdi Alkan

An evaluation of the earthquake potential with seismic and tectonic variables for the West Anatolian region of Türkiye

土耳其西安纳托利亚地区地震潜力的地震和构造变量评估

Lithuania is rich in natural mineral waters and has a couple of centuries of history of using them for human health. The use of mineral water in medical SPAs has been popular since ancient times and continues to be important as a complement to modern medicine. Medical SPAs aim to achieve various health benefits by employing diverse types of mineral water with unique physicochemical compositions. The composition of mineral water used varies among different countries due to differences in hydrogeologic conditions, temperature, and chemical composition. While many countries have been investigating the properties of mineral water used for therapeutic purposes, scientifically grounded insights about the uniqueness of mineral water in Lithuanian medical SPAs are still limited. This study aims to investigate the physicochemical properties of mineral water used in Lithuanian medical SPAs and to evaluate their potential benefits for human health. To reach the research aim, a quantitative study was conducted in six of the most popular medical SPAs. The research results indicate that the mineral water used in medical SPAs is highly mineralized sodium chloride (salt) mineral water with significant calcium, magnesium, and sulphate levels. The mineral water is safe with regard to the presence of heavy metals. The tested mineral water could be used for the complementary treatment of nervous, rheumatic, skin, respiratory, cardiovascular, and metabolic disorders.

Abbreviation
Journal Impact	0.37
Quartiles(Global)	GEOLOGY(Q4)

ISSN	0067-3064, 1648-858X
h-index	20

Publication Information	Publisher: Nature Research Centre，Publishing cycle: Annual，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 1997，Proportion of original research papers: 100.00%，Self Citation Rate:0.00%， Gold OA Rate: 95.83%
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：>12周，或约稿
Average recruitment ratio	网友分享经验：容易

Baltica

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Artificial neural networks-based ternary charts for predicting strength and frost heaving in mountain soils

Environmental changes in SW Lithuania during 8720–7990 cal yr BP: analysis of Lake Amalvas sediments

Baltoscandian Middle Ordovician brachiopod oxygen stable isotope trends: implications for palaeotemperature changes

An evaluation of the earthquake potential with seismic and tectonic variables for the West Anatolian region of Türkiye

Harnessing the distinctive qualities of Lithuanian natural mineral water for SPA services and human health

Artificial neural networks-based ternary charts for predicting strength and frost heaving in mountain soils

Environmental changes in SW Lithuania during 8720–7990 cal yr BP: analysis of Lake Amalvas sediments

Baltoscandian Middle Ordovician brachiopod oxygen stable isotope trends: implications for palaeotemperature changes

An evaluation of the earthquake potential with seismic and tectonic variables for the West Anatolian region of Türkiye

Harnessing the distinctive qualities of Lithuanian natural mineral water for SPA services and human health