BALTICA 是一本关于地球科学的国际期刊，致力于波罗的海国家地区和波罗的海问题。本版年鉴由 VYTAUTAS GUDELIS 院士于 1961 年发起。自 1993 年以来，该期刊的总编辑成为 ALGIMANTAS GRIGELIS 院士。 BALTICA 与环波罗的海国家的地球科学家合作，每半年出版一次（6 月和 12 月）。BALTICA 正在出版有关各种地球科学问题的国际利益的原始同行评审论文。特别强调第四纪地质、气候变化和生态系统的发展、古地理、环境地质，以及与波罗的海和陆地地区的地质历史相关的地层学、构造学、沉积学和地表过程。杂志强调现代技术、方法和标准。期刊结构包括原创文章、短评、信息、参考书目。

BALTICA is an international journal dedicated to Earth sciences, focusing on the Baltic Sea region and related issues. Founded in 1961 by Academician VYTAUTAS GUDELIS, the journal has been edited by Academician ALGIMANTAS GRIGELIS since 1993. BALTICA collaborates with Earth scientists from the Baltic Sea countries and publishes twice a year (in June and December). The journal features original peer-reviewed papers on various Earth science topics, with a particular emphasis on Quaternary geology, climate change, ecosystem development, paleogeography, environmental geology, as well as stratigraphy, tectonics, sedimentology, and surface processes related to the geological history of the Baltic Sea and adjacent land areas. The journal highlights modern technologies, methods, and standards, and includes original articles, short reviews, information, and bibliographies.

《Baltica》是一本专注于地球科学的国际期刊，主要关注波罗的海国家及相关问题。该期刊由VYTAUTAS GUDELIS院士于1961年创办，自1993年起，ALGIMANTAS GRIGELIS院士担任总编辑。《Baltica》与环波罗的海地区的地球科学家合作，每年出版两期（分别在6月和12月）。期刊发表关于各种地球科学问题的原创同行评审论文，特别关注第四纪地质、气候变化、生态系统发展、古地理、环境地质，以及与波罗的海及其陆地地区的地质历史相关的地层学、构造学、沉积学和地表过程。期刊强调现代技术、方法和标准，内容包括原创研究文章、短评、信息和参考书目。

Baltica

In this study, we analysed the organic and inorganic content of the cryoconite holes along the altitudinal gradient at the lower elevations of the Russell glacier ablation zone in Southwest Greenland. We specifically focus on less studied industrial microscopic spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCP; part of black carbon) to get more insights about their accumulation patterns on the glacier surface. We found no clear SCP distribution pattern, including concentration values. This outcome underlines the complexity of the ice margin zone and draws attention for further research on this topic with the inclusion of multiyear evaluation of SCP concentration at the even wider area that could possibly give results that can be compared to the emission source and long-way air pollution validation. In addition, our results indicate that during the summer of 2016, algae composition was formed of both green algae (Chlamydomonadaceae, Mesotaeniaceae) and cyanobacteria (Oscillatoriaceae). Green algae had a larger relative proportion than cyanobacteria in the cryoconite holes throughout the studied gradient.

Normunds Stivrins

Kristaps Lamsters

Jānis Karušs

Māris Krievāns

Agnis Rečs

Spheroidal carbonaceous particles in cryoconite sediment on the Russell glacier, Southwest Greenland

西南格陵兰拉塞尔冰川冰尘沉积物中的球状碳质颗粒

A common problem in biogeochemical mapping and contamination studies is that the same plant species are not available everywhere. Filipendula ulmaria is a widely used indicator plant but it does not grow in dry and high altitude areas. We used different plant species (F. ulmaria, Carex species and Urtica dioica) and analysed the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pb, Zn and P in the material from 19 sampling points in eastern Estonia. The geometric mean concentrations of Pb, Cd and Zn were similar in F. ulmaria and Carex, as were the dominating ranges of Cu, Mn and Zn. The geometric mean concentrations typically differ between F. ulmaria and U. dioica. Simultaneous use of multiple indicator plants could generally not be recommended. Still, in case of urgent need the results could be amalgamated for the elements with more than 50% similarity of dominating ranges in different plants.

Margit Suuroja

Valter Petersell

Tõnu Meidla

The comparison of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, Pb, Zn concentrations in ash of the roots of some herbaceous plant species (Filipendula ulmaria, Carex species, Urtica dioica)

一些草本植物（Filipendula ulmaria、Carex属、Urtica dioica）根灰中Cd、Cu、Fe、Mg、Mn、P、Pb、Zn浓度的比较

The paper presents a method for the selection of large erratics to be sampled for terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide exposure dating (TCNED) in areas previously covered by Pleistocene ice sheets. Our approach is based on (1) a GIS analysis of an extensive dataset of erratics, (2) field inspection of pre-selected boulders and (3) Schmidt hammer (SH) testing of erratics selected for sampling. An initial database of 491 erratic boulders in NW Poland was filtered using a GIS software, based on their characteristics, digital elevation and surface geology. The secondary data set of pre-selected erratics consisted of 135 boulders – i.e. proper targets for field inspection. Ground-truthing in the field resulted in the final selection of 63 boulders suitable for sampling for TCNED. These erratics are located on moraine plateaux and hills formed during the Saalian glaciation (Marine Isotope Stage 6) as well as Leszno/Brandenburg, Poznań/Frankfurt and Pomeranian Phase ice marginal belts from the Weichselian glaciation (Marine Isotope Stage 2). The GIS desk-based analysis of erratics properties resulted in a 73% reduction of the initial dataset, which demonstrates the added value of this selection technique. The field inspection of pre-selected boulders resulted in a 53% reduction of the number of boulders suitable for TCNED. SH testing of the sampled erratics provided a quantitative proxy of their surface hardness. This allowed the quantification of their weathering degree and identification of erratics potentially affected by postglacial erosion. Our systematic approach to selecting erratics and their SH testing could be a useful tool for other researchers facing the problem of choosing appropriate erratics for TCNED in areas of continental Pleistocene glaciations.

Karol Tylmann

Piotr Woźniak

V.R. Rinterknecht

Erratics selection for cosmogenic nuclide exposure dating – an optimization approach

宇宙成因核素暴露测年的漂砾选择——一种优化方法

Leonora Živilė Gelumbauskaitė

Algimantas Grigelis

Olegas Pustelnikovas

IN MEMORIAM. Farewell to Dr. Sci. Marijonas Repečka

纪念。告别马里扬纳斯·雷佩茨卡博士

The main goal of work was to quantify the nitrogen and phosphorus loads transported by small streams to the Gulf of Gdańsk. The research aims to determine wastewater release volumes over time, instead of focusing only on spatial distributions. Another aim is to identify the main determinants potentially affecting water quality in rivers flowing across the city of Sopot. The study area consists of six small river catchments located in the city of Sopot, each with an open flow channel, which lies along the bay. Studies were conducted 12 times per year in the period from March 2014 to February 2015. Laboratory analyses were performed to determine the concentration of both total nitrogen and total phosphorus. In order to calculate pollutant loads, discharge was also measured in each of studied rivers. Conducted research has shown that all analyzed streams were characterized by low total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations. The mean annual values ranged from 0.60 to 1.28 mg·dm-3 in case of total nitrogen and from 0.066 to 0.100 mg·dm-3 in case of total phosphorus. In 2012, the total nitrogen load from Poland to the Baltic Sea was 210.768.000 kg N while the total phosphorus load was 15.269.000 kg P, which means that streams analyzed in this paper supplied barely 0.002 % of the biogenic load supplied to the Baltic Sea by Poland as a whole.

Roman Cieśliński

Alicja Olszewska

Łukasz Pietruszyński

Marta Budzisz

Katarzyna Jereczek-Korzeniewska

Agata Ossowska

The supply of total nitrogen and total phosphorus from small urban catchments into the Gulf of Gdańsk

小城市集水区向格但斯克湾输送的总氮和总磷供应

Environmental development and water level changes in the south-western part of the Curonian Lagoon are reconstructed based on the results of bottom sediment investigations, including data on lithology, diatoms, pollen, and radiocarbon dating. Three stages have been identified in the ~ 10000-year history of the lagoon’s development. The diatoms suggest that in the Early Holocene, the southern part of the Curonian Lagoon was a shallow freshwater basin, mainly fed by run-off from the continent. During the Middle Holocene, the study area was a marshy coastal zone. Due to a change in hydrological conditions at the beginning of the Late Holocene, it became an open-water part of the lagoon.

Irina Sosnina

Vaida Šeirienė

Alma Grigienė

Holocene environmental changes inferred from palaeobotanical data of Curonian Lagoon sediments

从库尔斯泻湖沉积物的古植物数据推断全新世环境变化

The Bitlis-Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt is one of the world’s largest deformation zones, extending from the Eastern Mediterranean in southern Turkey to the south of Iran. This deformation zone is partitioned between different structures; however, little is known about the relative activities of these different structures and their effects on topography. The aim of this paper is to investigate the coseismic displacements resulting from the doublet earthquake that occurred in the vicinity of the city of Maraş (6 February 2023) by utilizing GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) stations (near the Bitlis-Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt) that are part of the CORS-TR (Continuously Operating Reference Station-Türkiye) geodetic network. After the doublet Maraş earthquake, south-westerly movements were observed at the ELAZ station, and south-east movements were observed at ERGN and MARD stations. As can be seen from the data obtained from these CORS-TR stations, the effect of the earthquake on the horizontal and vertical components was approximately 0.2–7.2 cm. These motions of ELAZ, ERGN and MARD stations can cause other earthquakes in the region of Bingöl, Van, Bitlis and Muş in the future.

Atınç Pırtı

Investigation of the ground effects of Mw7.8 and Mw7.5 Maraş doublet earthquake on the south-east region (Bİtlİs-Zagros fold-thrust belt) of Turkey

土耳其东南部（比特利斯-扎格罗斯褶皱冲断带）Mw7.8和Mw7.5马拉什双震地面效应调查

The Mw 7.3 Tonga earthquake occurred on 11 November 2022 at 19°.288 S and 172°.147 W. It was caused by reverse faulting in the outer rise of the Pacific Plate, about 75 km east of the Tonga Trench. We studied the Tonga earthquake on 11 November 2022 in order to detect a violent eruption of the Tonga submarine volcano in the South Pacific. Submarine volcano eruptions can displace seawater in a number of different ways, potentially triggering tsunamis. The Tonga subduction zone has the highest rate of plate convergence on Earth. It is one of the places with the most earthquakes. However, the recorded thrust events that can be placed with certainty on the plate boundary haven’t been stronger than M 8.0, and the area’s history suggests that there isn’t much seismic coupling along the arc. The modelling of this earthquake based on the assumption that the fault plane dips to the west give dimensions of about 50 × 35 km, with most of the distance down-dipping from the hypocenter. In our study, we used the CSRS-PPP software to process TONGA station data using static and kinematic methods. This study shows the horizontal coordinate differences of the TONGA station (static-kinematic), which range from a few millimetres to about 40 centimetres.

Mehmet Ali Yücel

Ramazan Gürsel Hoşbaş

Investigation of the Mw 7.3 earthquake in Tonga Islands, Pacific Ocean, 11 November 2022

2022年11月11日太平洋汤加群岛Mw 7.3级地震调查

This article presents the findings of ecogeomorphological studies conducted in the high-mountain belt of the southern slope of the Main Caucasus Range by utilizing satellite imagery. The investigations reaffirmed the dynamic nature of exogenous relief-forming processes evident in slope surface conditions and the diverse array of natural landscapes in high-mountain regions. The data acquired facilitated the development of measures aimed at enhancing the natural environment and guiding future land use practices. Through this research, various factors contributing to degradation processes were identified, enabling the pinpointing of erosion-prone areas on both slopes of the Greater Caucasus and the formulation of what we believe to be the most optimal anti-erosion measures scheme. Analysis of satellite imagery revealed that some river basins originating from the southern slope of the Main Caucasus Range exhibit the most pronounced soil and vegetation degradation processes.

Ilham Ildirim oglu Mardanov

Landslide and erosion processes in the high-mountain areas of the Greater Caucasus, Azerbaijan

大高加索阿塞拜疆高山地区的滑坡和侵蚀过程

In recent decades, as a result of global warming and increased development of mountain areas, which are highly sensitive to anthropogenic impacts, there has been a rapid increase in the number and scale of natural disasters accompanied by material damage and even death of people. An increase in anthropogenic impact on the mid- and high-mountain geosystems is also characteristic of the mountainous territories of Azerbaijan, especially, because this is pronounced within the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus. Here, along with such dangerous processes as avalanches, landslides, etc., mudflows are intensively manifested. New methods of dealing with them should be developed to mitigate their effects. In this regard, the problems of studying the development and mapping of mudflow centres become very relevant. On the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus, the basin of the Goychay River is one of the most subject to mudflow processes, which in recent years has caused significant economic and social losses. The article gives a complete description of the landscape-geomorphological factor as one of the main factors in the formation of mudflow centres and traces their development dynamics. In the course of the study, with the aim of using the ArcGİS software for 2018, the area was calculated and the dynamics of the development of a number of mudflow centres was revealed. In addition, a land use map of the Goychay River basin was compiled with the help of statistical, cartographic (digital topographic and maps of the use of past years) and remote sensing (RS) data (interpretation of aerospace images (ASS) 2002–2019 from the Landsat satellite (scale: 1: 60,000). On the basis of field research and landscape mapping in the “key areas”, the influence of mudflow processes on the differentiation of landscapes in the basin of the Goychay River was studied.

Stara Tarikhazer

Elina Karimova

Irina Kuchinskaya

Landscape-geomorphological factors of the development of mudflow centres in the Goychay River basin

戈伊恰伊河流域泥石流中心发育的景观地貌因素

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Journal Impact	0.37
mbqgSu	GEOLOGY(Q4)
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ISSN	0067-3064, 1648-858X
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hQoIdU	地球科学(4区)地球科学地质学(4区)

u9zg3I	地质学生物地理海洋学古生物学环境科学生态学工程类物理地貌学历史考古波罗的海地球化学化学自然地理学岩土工程
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Spheroidal carbonaceous particles in cryoconite sediment on the Russell glacier, Southwest Greenland

The comparison of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, Pb, Zn concentrations in ash of the roots of some herbaceous plant species (Filipendula ulmaria, Carex species, Urtica dioica)

Erratics selection for cosmogenic nuclide exposure dating – an optimization approach

IN MEMORIAM. Farewell to Dr. Sci. Marijonas Repečka

The supply of total nitrogen and total phosphorus from small urban catchments into the Gulf of Gdańsk

Holocene environmental changes inferred from palaeobotanical data of Curonian Lagoon sediments

Investigation of the ground effects of Mw7.8 and Mw7.5 Maraş doublet earthquake on the south-east region (Bİtlİs-Zagros fold-thrust belt) of Turkey

Investigation of the Mw 7.3 earthquake in Tonga Islands, Pacific Ocean, 11 November 2022

Landslide and erosion processes in the high-mountain areas of the Greater Caucasus, Azerbaijan

Landscape-geomorphological factors of the development of mudflow centres in the Goychay River basin