Cellular senescence was first reported in human fibroblasts as a state of stable in vitro growth arrest following extended culture. Since that initial observation, a variety of other phenotypic characteristics have been shown to co-associate with irreversible cell cycle exit in senescent fibroblasts. These include (1) a pro-inflammatory secretory response, (2) the up-regulation of immune ligands, (3) altered responses to apoptotic stimuli and (4) promiscuous gene expression (stochastic activation of genes possibly as a result of chromatin remodeling). Many features associated with senescent fibroblasts appear to promote conversion to an immunogenic phenotype that facilitates self-elimination by the immune system. Pro-inflammatory cytokines can attract and activate immune cells, the presentation of membrane bound immune ligands allows for specific recognition and promiscuous gene expression may function to generate an array of tissue restricted proteins that could subsequently be processed into peptides for presentation via MHC molecules. However, the phenotypes of senescent cells from different tissues and species are often assumed to be broadly similar to those seen in senescent human fibroblasts, but the data show a more complex picture in which the growth arrest mechanism, tissue of origin and species can all radically modulate this basic pattern. Furthermore, well-established triggers of cell senescence are often associated with a DNA damage response (DDR), but this may not be a universal feature of senescent cells. As such, we discuss the role of DNA damage in regulating an immunogenic response in senescent cells, in addition to discussing less established “atypical” senescent states that may occur independent of DNA damage.

D. G. A. Burton

R. G. A. Faragher

Cellular senescence: from growth arrest to immunogenic conversion

细胞衰老：从生长停滞到免疫原性转化

Falls represent a significant health risk in the elderly and often result in injuries that require medical attention. Reduced ability to control motion of the whole-body center of mass (COM) has been shown to identify elderly people at risk of falling. To explore effective preventive strategies and interventions, we studied adult age-related differences in multijoint coordination to control the COM during balance recovery. We used the uncontrolled manifold (UCM) analysis, which can decompose movement variability of joints into good movement variability (motor equivalent) and bad movement variability (nonmotor equivalent). The good variability does not affect the COM position, while the bad variability does. Twenty-nine subjects, including 16 healthy young (26.1 ± 4.5 year) and 13 older (74.6 ± 5.6 year) adults without systematic disease, neurological disease, or a severe degenerative condition stood on a flat platform, and received an unexpected backward translation. The older adults had similar amounts of joint movement as the young adults during balance recovery except for the thoracic-lumbar joint. However, the UCM analysis showed that the older adults changed their joint coordination pattern to control the COM and had a lower motor equivalent index with increased nonmotor equivalent variability (bad variability). We conclude that normal aging adults lose the compensatory strategy of flexibly controlling multiple joints when stabilizing the COM after receiving a balance perturbation.

Wei-Li Hsu

Li-Shan Chou

Marjorie Woollacott

Age-related changes in joint coordination during balance recovery

平衡恢复过程中关节协调的年龄相关变化

Emmanuelle Boilan

Virginie Winant

Elise Dumortier

Jean-Pascal Piret

François Bonfitto

Heinz D. Osiewacz

Florence Debacq-Chainiaux

Olivier Toussaint

Role of p38MAPK and oxidative stress in copper-induced senescence

铜诱导衰老中p38MAPK和氧化应激的作用

Jordan Beth Vincent

Melbourne festival review: ballet Flamenco's Voces invigorating but overlong and uneven

墨尔本艺术节评论：弗拉门戈芭蕾《声音》充满活力但冗长且参差不齐

Jordan Vincent

Tremor review: Ashley Dyer's oscillating dance work keeps audience in suspended state of anticipation

震颤评论：阿什利·戴尔的振荡舞蹈作品让观众处于悬而未决的期待状态

Elizabeth Anne Maxwell

The many urgent Voices of women writers from Africa

非洲女性作家的众多紧迫呼声

Stephanie Trigg

Tales to tell on the road to Canterbury: Review of Marion Turner, Chaucer: A European Life

通往坎特伯雷途中的故事：评玛丽昂·特纳的《乔叟：一位欧洲人的一生》

非洲女作家们的众多迫切之声

《坎特伯雷之路上的故事：评马里昂·特纳的〈乔叟：欧洲一生〉》

Publication Information	Publisher: Springer Netherlands，Publishing cycle: Quarterly，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2005，Proportion of original research papers: 0.00%，Self Citation Rate:N.A.， Gold OA Rate: 0.00%
Average review cycle	网友分享经验：偏慢,4-8周
Average recruitment ratio	网友分享经验：较难

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Cellular senescence: from growth arrest to immunogenic conversion

Age-related changes in joint coordination during balance recovery

Role of p38MAPK and oxidative stress in copper-induced senescence

Melbourne festival review: ballet Flamenco's Voces invigorating but overlong and uneven

Tremor review: Ashley Dyer's oscillating dance work keeps audience in suspended state of anticipation

The many urgent Voices of women writers from Africa

Tales to tell on the road to Canterbury: Review of Marion Turner, Chaucer: A European Life

The many urgent Voices of women writers from Africa

Tales to tell on the road to Canterbury: Review of Marion Turner, Chaucer: A European Life

The many urgent Voices of women writers from Africa