Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología, Mexican Journal of Phytopathology

&lt;p&gt;The present study had the objective of evaluating the&lt;em&gt; in vitro&lt;/em&gt; sensitivity of &lt;em&gt;Fusarium sacchari&lt;/em&gt; to five fungicides of different chemical groups. An isolate of &lt;em&gt;F. sacchari&lt;/em&gt; obtained from sugarcane plants (&lt;em&gt;Saccharum officinarum&lt;/em&gt;) with wilt symptoms and identified morphologically and molecularly by the characteristics of the genus &lt;em&gt;Fusarium&lt;/em&gt; and amplification of the ITS and TEF regions, respectively, was used to evaluate the fungicides azoxystrobin, difenoconazole, hymexazole, cyprodinil and thiabendazole, at concentrations of 1, 10, 100 and 1000 ?g mL-1, using the poison plate technique. The effect of the fungicides and EC50 was determined by the percentage inhibition of &lt;em&gt;F. sacchari&lt;/em&gt; growth with respect to the growth on the plates without fungicide. The fungicides difenoconazole at 1000 ?g mL-1 and thiabendazole at 100, 1000 and 10 ?g mL-1 were statistically equal and presented the highest mycelial growth inhibition percentages (93.5 and 92.1, 91.4 and 89.8 %, respectively). The lowest EC50 values were presented by difenoconazole (9.2 ?g mL-1), thiabendazole (9.9 ?g mL-1) and cyprodinil (10.6 ?g mL-1). In conclusion, &lt;em&gt;F. sacchari&lt;/em&gt; presented higher &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt; sensitivity to the fungicides difenoconazole (1000 ?g mL-1) and thiabendazole (100, 1000 and 10 ?g mL-1).&lt;/p&gt;

Fabiola Medina-Osti

Adriana Gutiérrez-Díez

Salvador Ochoa-Ascencio

Sugey Ramona Sinagawa-García

Revista mexicana de fitopatología(en línea)/Revista mexicana de fitopatología

In vitro sensitivity of Fusarium sacchari isolated from sugar cane to five fungicides

甘蔗分离的禾谷镰刀菌对五种杀菌剂的体外敏感性

Background/Objective. The chilaca pepper (Capsicum annuum) is significantly impacted by the attack of the oomycete Phytophthora capsici, which causes chili wilt. Current methods for controlling this disease have been inefficient. Therefore, the search for more environmentally friendly alternatives is of great importance. In pursuit of this objective, we assessed the potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to try to reduce or postpone chili pepper wilt. Materials and Methods. Growth parameters were measured in inoculated and non-inoculated chili pepper plants with AMF from a commercil consortium TM-73 (Biotecnología Microbiana) and the protective effects of AMF and AgNPs (NanoID®) against P. capsici as evaluated using a severity scale for wilt symptoms. Plant response to pathogen infection was assessed by measuring the activities of antioxidant enzymes: PER, SOD, CAT and H2O2. Results. The results indicated that AMF application improved the growth parameters of C. annuum, while the plant-pathogen interaction induced an antioxidant enzymatic response. AMF maintained wilt symptoms at or below 80%, preventing plant death. Meanwhile, AgNPs (50ppm) delayed plant mortality compared to the control treatment. Conclusion. The combined use of AMF and AgNPs offer options for future research in the disease management for chili peppers.

Hilda Karina Sáenz-Hidalgo

Esteban Sánchez-Chávez

Nuvia Orduño-Cruz

Mahendra Rai

Víctor Olalde-Portugal

Graciela Dolores Ávila-Quezada

Mitigating Chili Plant Wilt: Synergy of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Silver Nanoparticles

缓解辣椒植株枯萎：丛枝菌根真菌与银纳米颗粒的协同作用

Background/Objective. The objective of this work was to identify 24 strains of F. solani isolated from agave with wilt, with respect to the new phylogenetic species; determine their molecular similarity to F. solani f. spp.; determine their genetic diversity and their pathogenic capacity in agave, bean and corn. Materials and Methods. Sequences of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 fragment of 24 agave isolates and those of F. solani f. spp., were compared with GenBank and FUSAROID-ID. Amplified 18S rRNA sequences were aligned with sequences reported of F. solani f. spp. phaseoli and batatas, defining the presence of introns. Genetic diversity was determined with the DNA RepPCR marker. Representative strains were tested against agave, bean and maize seedlings, evaluating their pathogenicity as root rot severity. Results. Isolates morphologically identified as F. solani, GenBank placed them as F. solani or included in the FSSC, three strains were identified as Xenoacremonium sp. FUSAROID-ID defined that the sequences of F. solani were highly similar to those of Neocosmospora martii, N. pseudoradicicola, N. solani and N. falciformis. The ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences and absence of introns in its SSU indicated that none is F. solani f. sp. phaseoli. Isolates obtained from agave were pathogenic to A. tequilana and a criollo corn cv, but not to Fusarium-resistant corn. No agave isolates were pathogenic to beans. Conclusions. Four phylogenetic species of FSSC cause root rot in agave; F. solani isolates from agave did not affect Fusarium-resistant corn. It is safe to intercrop beans in agave.

Viviana Montaño-Becerrra

Norma Alejandra Mancilla-Margalli

Cristina Chávez-Sánchez

Martin Eduardo Avila-Miranda

Diversity and taxonomy of Fusarium solani isolated of wilted Agave tequilana var. azul plants

萎蔫龙舌兰蓝色变种中分离的镰刀菌的多样性和分类学

Background/Objective. Bacteria of the Bacillus genus have been studied since their discovery in 1872, for their ability to synthesize metabolites of interest such as proteins used to control phytopathogens. The objective of this research was to analyze the most outstanding species of the Bacillus genus, as well as the main compounds produced by these species, and the perspectives on the use of this bacterial genus for pest and disease control. Materials and Methods. An exhaustive search was carried out in scientific articles and books to gather the most relevant information regarding the Bacillus genus, focusing on its role as a biological control agent for pests and pathogens. Results. The Bacillus genus includes more than 427 taxa, which can be classified into different groups. Among the biological control agents (BCA) are the Bacillus cereus group, which includes B. cereus, B. anthracis, and B. thuringiensis, and the B. subtilis group, which includes B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, and B. pumilus, mainly. B. thuringiensis, through cry genes, has molecular mechanisms to synthesize a crystalline inclusion during sporulation, which contains proteins known as endotoxins or Cry proteins. B. subtilis produces substances with a high potential for biological control, such as volatile organic compounds, as well as bioactive secondary metabolites. Conclusion. The potential of the Bacillus genus to be used as biological control agents is evident. They are widely used for the development of different biopesticides that have advantages over other products. However, it is necessary to continue conducting research from the in vitro area in the laboratory to the field, to help guarantee their biosecurity and effectiveness.

Fannie Isela Parra-Cota

Mónica García-Montelongo

Sebastián González-Villarreal

María Fernanda Villarreal-Delgado

Liliana Carolina Córdova-Albores

Alina Escalante-Beltrán

Sergio de los Santos-Villalobos

The genus Bacillus as biological control agent against pests and pathogens for sustainable agriculture

枯草芽孢杆菌属作为可持续农业中害虫和病原体生物防治剂

Background/Objective. Pythium aphanidermatum and Rhizoctonia solani are pathogens that affect agricultural crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate some Agave striata and Fouquieria splendens methanolic extracts, from the Chihuahuan Desert, against those fungi, in search for biological control alternatives. Materials and Methods. Pathogens from chili plants were isolated and identified using morphological and molecular methods. Methanolic extracts from both plants were prepared, and the antioxidant capacity (AC), the total polyphenol content (TPC), and the antifungal compounds via HPLC-MS were assessed. The antifungal effectiveness was tested at concentrations of 3.9-2000 mg L-1 using a poisoned medium assay, where fungi structural damage was observed. Results. The F. splendens and A. striata extracts exhibited 55% and 68% AC, as well as 61 mg/g and 112 mg/g TPC, respectively. Both extracts contained caffeic acid and quercetin, while F. splendens also exhibited eriodyctiol, kaempferol, and luteolin; A. striata contained pinocembrin and theaflavin B. F. splendens attained 100% inhibition of P. aphanidermatum at 250 mg L-1, and of R. solani at 500 mg L-1, whereas A. striata achieved 100% inhibition at 1000 mg L-1 in both cases. The extracts produced lysis in P. aphanidermatum oogonia and mycelial fragmentation in R. solani. Conclusion. The F. splendens and A. striata methanolic extracts demonstrate promising antifungal activity against P. aphanidermatum and R. solani, suggesting that these natural compounds might be useful as a biological alternative for pathogen control in agricultural crops.

Jesús Eduardo Ramírez-Méndez

Francisco Daniel Hernández-Castillo

Gabriel Gallegos-Morales

Diana Jasso-Cantú

Roberto Arredondo-Valdés

Marco Antonio Tucuch-Pérez

Biological effectiveness of Agave striata and Fouquieria splendens extracts against Pythium aphanidermatum and Rhizoctonia solani in vitro

龙舌兰和福奎利亚木提取物对腐霉和立枯丝核菌的生物活性研究

Background/Objective. Diseases of agricultural crops affect the yields and quality of products. Synthetic chemical compounds are generally used to control them; these cause harmful impacts to the environment, as well as to human health. In this sense, beneficial microorganisms can be used in agriculture as biocontrol agents, and contribute to obtaining food in sufficient and safe quantities. The fungus Irpex lacteus has been reported as a potential biocontrol agent. The objective of this research work was to evaluate the in vitro mycoparasitic capacity of the endophytic fungus I. lacteus P7B against 22 fungi and one oomycete associated with plant diseases. Materials and Methods. The P7B isolate, previously detected as a mycoparasite, was used and molecularly identified by amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA, using primers ITS1/ ITS4.The confrontations of the mycoparasite (P7B) against the phytopathogenic microorganisms were carried out in PDA culture medium. Three replicates were used for each microorganism, in addition to the controls, which consisted of placing the microorganisms individually. Results. Molecular analyses determined that isolate P7B corresponded to Irpex lacteus (GenBank: PP922180). The results of the in vitro assays indicated that I. lacteus P7B inhibited all the phytopathogenic agents with which it was confronted, 100% inhibition by I. lacteus occurred approximately in 14 days, except for Rhizopus spp., this was at 23 days after the confrontations. Conclusion. The present study demonstrates that the fungus I. lacteus presented 100% in vitro mycoparasitic capacity against the various fungi and an oomycete evaluated, so future work could focus on evaluating its mycoparasitic activity under field conditions.

Francisco Palemón-Alberto

Santo Ángel Ortega-Acosta

Erubiel Toledo-Hernández

Cesar Sotelo-Leyva

Guadalupe Reyes-García

Elizabeth Tecomulapa-Acatitlán

In vitro evaluation mycoparasitic capacity of Irpex lacteus P7B against fungi and oomycetes associated with plant diseases

体外评估Irpex lacteus P7B对与植物病害相关的真菌和卵菌的捕食能力

Background/Objectives. Guerrero is an important producer of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa); therefore, the objective was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of resins in vitro using four factors: technique (disc in agar or Kirby Bauer and well in agar), resins (B. linanoe, J. curcas, mixture of both and Thiabendazole), volume (10, 20 and 30 μL) and phytopathogenic fungi (C. cassiicola, F. oxysporum and F. solani) on the diameter of the inhibition halo. Materials and Methods. Statistical analysis was performed with a completely randomized factorial design with fixed effects to compare the 72 treatments using the Kruskal-Walis test. Results. All terms were found to be significant, the main effects of technique, resins, volume and fungi on the diameter of the inhibition halo, but also the double, triple and quadruple interactions. Conclusion. B. linanoe resin showed higher inhibition for C. cassiicola and F. oxysporum, in the two techniques (agar well and agar disc technique or Kirby Bauer technique), this makes it the resin type with the highest biocontrol potential.

Leonardo Miguel Nava-Eugenio

Dolores Vargas-Álvarez

Eleuterio Campos-Hernández

Flaviano Godínez-Jaimes

Roxana Reyes-Ríos

Mairel Valle-de la Paz

Daniel Perales-Rosas

In vitro evaluation of Jatropha curcas and Bursera linanoe resins in the control of phytopathogenic fungi isolated from roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa)

罗塞勒（玫瑰茄）分离的植物病原真菌体外控制中麻风树和布尔塞拉树脂的评价

Background/Objective. The present work reports the in vitro effect of aqueous extracts (2, 4 and 6% w/v) of root, seed and leaf of Datura discolor obtained in two times (3 and 6 minutes) at High Pressure Processing, against Sclerotium rolfsii, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Materials and Methods. Extracts of roots, seeds and leaves of D. discolor were prepared in a 1:10 w/v ratio with distilled water. Two continuous treatments of high pressure (600 MPa) with pressure maintained for 3 min and another with pressure (600 MPa) maintained for 6 min were considered. The extracts were evaluated against S. rolfsii, S. sclerotiorum and C. gloeosporioides. The experiments were performed in Petri dishes with PDA medium. The efficiency of the extracts was evaluated by obtaining the percentage of inhibition. Results. The results show variable percentages of inhibition of the extracts in the different anatomical parts of the plant and concentrations; The leaf extracts at 6%, regardless of the extraction time, show effectiveness against the three pathogens, with inhibition of 99 and 100%, 55 and 56%, and 43 and 36% for S. rolfsii, S. sclerotiorum and C. gloeosporioides at 3 and 6 minutes respectively. Conclusion. The effectiveness of leaf extract at 6%, six months after its preparation, is similar to the observed with fresh extracts. These results pave the way for future research focused on the sustainable management of phytopathogens. Studies on the biological effectiveness of the extracts in the greenhouse and field are suggested.

Diana Angelina Urias-Lugo

Octavio Ernesto Martínez-Ereva

Cecilia de Los Ángeles Romero-Urías

Carlos Ramiro Ibarra-Sarmiento

Sylvia Adriana Estrada-Díaz

Rubén Félix-Gastélum

Karla Yeriana Leyva-Madrigal

Guadalupe Arlene Mora-Romero

In vitro antifungal activity of Datura discolor aqueous extracts obtained by High Pressure Processing

高压处理获得的紫花曼陀罗水提取物的体外抗真菌活性

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In vitro sensitivity of Fusarium sacchari isolated from sugar cane to five fungicides

Mitigating Chili Plant Wilt: Synergy of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Silver Nanoparticles

Diversity and taxonomy of Fusarium solani isolated of wilted Agave tequilana var. azul plants

The genus Bacillus as biological control agent against pests and pathogens for sustainable agriculture

Biological effectiveness of Agave striata and Fouquieria splendens extracts against Pythium aphanidermatum and Rhizoctonia solani in vitro

Mitigating Chili Plant Wilt: Synergy of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Silver Nanoparticles

In vitro evaluation mycoparasitic capacity of Irpex lacteus P7B against fungi and oomycetes associated with plant diseases

In vitro evaluation of Jatropha curcas and Bursera linanoe resins in the control of phytopathogenic fungi isolated from roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa)

In vitro antifungal activity of Datura discolor aqueous extracts obtained by High Pressure Processing

Diversity and taxonomy of Fusarium solani isolated of wilted Agave tequilana var. azul plants