ANNALS OF GLACIOLOGY 在冰川学的选定方面发表原创科学文章和信件 - 对冰的研究。每一期的年鉴都是主题，集中在一个特定的主题上。国际冰川学会理事会欢迎冰川学界就主题问题提出的建议。一旦主题获得批准，理事会将任命一名副总编辑和一组科学编辑来处理论文的提交、同行评审和发表。

The Annals of Glaciology is an academic journal focused on the field of glaciology, publishing original scientific articles and letters related to the study of ice. Each issue of the journal revolves around a specific theme, and the International Glaciological Society Council welcomes suggestions from the glaciology community regarding these themes. Once a theme is approved, the Council appoints a deputy editor and a group of scientific editors to manage the submission, peer review, and publication of papers.

《Annals of Glaciology》是一本专注于冰川学领域的学术期刊，发表原创的科学文章和信件，涉及冰的研究。每一期的年鉴围绕一个特定主题展开，国际冰川学会理事会欢迎冰川学界对主题的建议。一旦主题获得批准，理事会将任命一名副总编辑和一组科学编辑，负责处理论文的提交、同行评审和发表。

Annals of Glaciology

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Hervé Vicari

Dieter Issler

MoT-PSA: a two-layer depth-averaged model for simulation of powder snow avalanches on three-dimensional terrain

MoT-PSA：一种用于模拟三维地形上粉雪雪崩的二层深度平均模型

Abstract Understanding the dynamics of snow avalanches is crucial for predicting their destructive potential and mobility. To gain insight into avalanche dynamics at a particle level, the AvaNode in-flow sensor system was developed. These synthetic particles, equipped with advanced and affordable sensors such as an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and global navigation satellite system (GNSS), travel with the avalanche flow. This study focuses on assessing the feasibility of the in-flow measurement systems. The experiments were conducted during the winter seasons of 2021–2023, both in static snow cover and dynamic avalanche conditions of medium-sized events. Radar measurements were used in conjunction with the particle trajectories and velocities to understand the behaviour of the entire avalanche flow. The dynamic avalanche experiments allowed to identify three distinct particle flow states: (I) initial rapid acceleration, (II) a steady state flow with the highest velocities (9–17 ms −1 ), and (III) a longer deceleration state accompanied by the largest measured rotation rates. The particles tend to travel towards the tail of the avalanche and reach lower velocities compared to the frontal approach velocities deduced from radar measurements (ranging between 23–28 ms −1 ). The presented data give a first insight in avalanche particle measurements.

Michael Neuhauser

Anselm Köhler

Rene Neurauter

Marc S. Adams

Jan-Thomas Fischer

Particle trajectories, velocities, accelerations and rotation rates in snow avalanches

雪崩中的粒子轨迹、速度、加速度和旋转率

Abstract An experiment using artificial snow was conducted to clarify the influences of temperature and normal load on temporal variations in the shear strength of snow. Artificial snow consisting of dendritic crystals was allowed to accumulate to ∼60 cm depth for the experiment. The shear strength, temperature and weight of the overlying snow were measured at three different depths in the accumulated snow. For the measurement of shear strength, the shear frame index (SFI) was found using a shear frame by placing weights with different masses on the snow contained within the frame. The measured SFI values were treated with the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion to find the snow cohesion factor C and the internal friction factor tan ϕ . The results highlighted similar trends for SFI and C values by which their rate of increase over time was greater with higher snow temperatures and normal load caused by overlying snow. This indicates that C contributes significantly to increased SFI values. tan ϕ decreased over time with higher snow temperatures and increased with lower snow temperatures. In low-temperature conditions, in particular, it is likely that snow crystals are compacted but maintain their dendritic morphology.

Hiroki Matsushita

Masaru Matsuzawa

Osamu Abe

The influences of temperature and normal load on the shear strength of snow consisting of precipitation particles

温度和法向载荷对由降水粒子组成的雪的剪切强度的影响

Abstract We examine the melting of sea ice versus freshwater ice in laboratory experiments and with one-dimensional model simulations. Our primary aim is to investigate the vertical partitioning of heat between thinning and internal phase changes. In agreement with our general understanding of the two ice types, we find that freshwater ice quickly starts thinning and then keeps a constant melt rate for constant external heat input. In contrast, sea ice starts thinning later but then thins faster than freshwater ice. This temporal evolution is caused by the substantial amount of heat that is used for internal phase changes in sea ice. Those internal phase changes give rise to a nonlinear temperature profile in the sea ice during the entire melting period, whereas freshwater ice quickly reaches its melting temperature throughout its entire thickness. Infrared imagery provides additional insights into the surface temperature of both ice types during melting. We find that, during melting, sea ice can have a mean surface temperature several tenths of a degree above 0°C because of meltwater-filled millimetre-scale dimples at the ice surface.

M. Wiese

P. Griewank

D. Notz

On the thermodynamics of melting sea ice versus melting freshwater ice

关于海冰融化与淡水冰融化的热力学研究

A one-dimensional model has been developed to simulate the evolution of snow-cover characteristics using meteorological data. This model takes into account the heat balance at the snow surface and heat conduction in the snow cover as well as liquid water flow and densification. The basic variables of the model are snow temperature, liquid water content, snow density and the solid impurities density. With these four variables, the model can calculate albedo, thermal conductivity, liquid water flux, snow depth, water equivalent and the amount of runoff. Diurnal variation of profiles of snow temperature, water content and snow density, and meteorological elements were observed at Mount Zao Bodaira, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. Simulated diurnal variation patterns of each component by the model were in good agreement with the observations. Moreover, the snow-cover characteristics were simulated for three 90-day periods with meteorological data and snow pit observations at Sapporo. It was found that the model was able to simulate long-period variations of albedo, snow depth, snow water equivalent and the snow density profile.

Takeshi Yamazaki

Junsei Kondo

Takashi Sakuraoka

Toru Nakamura

A one-dimensional model of the evolution of snow-cover characteristics

积雪特征演变的一维模型

Yuan Zhang

Wenjun Lu

Raed Lubbad

Sveinung Løset

Andrei Tsarau

Knut Vilhelm Høyland

Towards a high-resolution sea ice model: exploring the potential of modelling ice floe fracture with the peridynamic method

迈向高分辨率海冰模型：探索利用近场动力学方法模拟冰块断裂的潜力

Abstract We developed automated ablation stakes to measure colocated in situ changes in relative glacier-surface elevation and climatological drivers of ablation. The designs, refined over 10 years of development and deployments, implement open-source hardware and common building materials. The ablation stakes record distance to the snow/ice surface, air temperature and relative humidity every 1–15 min. Using these high-frequency data, we demonstrate that melt factors calculated using standard melt-rate vs temperature regressions converge over averaging windows of approximately 12 h or greater. Furthermore, we evaluate an integral approach to estimating temperature-index melt factors for ablation. In a test case on Glaciar Perito Moreno, Argentina, this integral approach reveals an overall positive-degree-day melt factor of 7.5 mm w.e. $^\circ$ C −1 d −1 . We describe four deployments with iteratively improved designs and provide a list of materials required to construct an automated ablation stake.

Andrew David Wickert

Katherine Ruth Barnhart

William Henry Armstrong

Matías Romero

Bobby Schulz

Gene-Hua Crystal Ng

Chad Timothy Sandell

Jeff La Frenierre

Shanti Bhattacharya Penprase

Maximillian Van Wyk de Vries

Kelly Revenaugh MacGregor

Automated ablation stakes to constrain temperature-index melt models

自动消融桩约束温度指数融雪模型

Abstract Icebergs are part of the glacial mass balance and they interact with the ocean and with sea ice. Optical satellite remote sensing is often used to retrieve the above-waterline area of icebergs. However, varying solar angles introduce an error to the iceberg area retrieval that had not been quantified. Herein, we approximate the iceberg area error for top-of-atmosphere Sentinel-2 near-infrared data at a range of solar zenith angles. First, we calibrate an iceberg threshold at a $56^\circ$ solar zenith angle with reference to higher resolution airborne imagery at Storfjorden, Svalbard. A reflectance threshold of 0.12 yields the lowest relative error of 0.19% ± 15.74% and the lowest interquartile spread. Second, we apply the 0.12 reflectance threshold to Sentinel-2 data at 14 solar zenith angles between $45^\circ$ and $81^\circ$ in the Kangerlussuaq Fjord, south-east Greenland. Here we quantify the error variation with the solar zenith angle for a consistent set of large icebergs. The error variation is then standardized to the error obtained in Svalbard. Up to a solar zenith angle of $65^\circ$ , the mean standardized iceberg area error remains between 5.9% and −5.67%. Above $65^\circ$ , iceberg areas are underestimated and inconsistent, caused by a segregation into shadows and sun-facing slopes.

Henrik Fisser

Anthony P. Doulgeris

Knut V. Høyland

Impact of varying solar angles on Arctic iceberg area retrieval from Sentinel-2 near-infrared data

不同太阳角度对北极冰山面积从哨兵2近红外数据中提取的影响

Kamilla Hauknes Sjursen

Thorben Dunse

Thomas Vikhamar Schuler

Liss Marie Andreassen

Henning Åkesson

Spatiotemporal mass balance variability of Jostedalsbreen ice cap, Norway, revealed by a temperature-index model with data assimilation

挪威约斯特达尔冰帽时空质量平衡变化：基于数据同化的温度指数模型揭示

A. C. Fowler

Open discussion at the IGS symposium on ‘The edges of glaciology’, 7 July 2023

2023年7月7日国际冰川学会研讨会“冰川学的边缘”开放讨论

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Annals of Glaciology

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MoT-PSA: a two-layer depth-averaged model for simulation of powder snow avalanches on three-dimensional terrain

Particle trajectories, velocities, accelerations and rotation rates in snow avalanches

The influences of temperature and normal load on the shear strength of snow consisting of precipitation particles

On the thermodynamics of melting sea ice versus melting freshwater ice

A one-dimensional model of the evolution of snow-cover characteristics

Towards a high-resolution sea ice model: exploring the potential of modelling ice floe fracture with the peridynamic method

Automated ablation stakes to constrain temperature-index melt models

Impact of varying solar angles on Arctic iceberg area retrieval from Sentinel-2 near-infrared data

Spatiotemporal mass balance variability of Jostedalsbreen ice cap, Norway, revealed by a temperature-index model with data assimilation

Open discussion at the IGS symposium on ‘The edges of glaciology’, 7 July 2023