Alternatives to Laboratory Animals (ATLA) is a peer-reviewed journal, intended to cover all aspects of the development, validation, implementation and use of alternatives to laboratory animals in biomedical research and toxicity testing. In addition to the replacement of animals, it also covers work that aims to reduce the number of animals used and refine the in vivo experiments that are still carried out.

ATLA Alternatives to Laboratory Animals is a peer-reviewed journal that aims to cover all aspects of the development, validation, implementation, and use of alternatives to laboratory animals in biomedical research and toxicity testing. In addition to the replacement of animals, it also addresses efforts to reduce the number of animals used and to refine the in vivo experiments that are still conducted.

《ATLA Alternatives to Laboratory Animals》是一本经过同行评审的期刊，旨在涵盖生物医学研究和毒性测试中替代实验动物的开发、验证、实施和使用的各个方面。除了替代动物的研究外，它还关注旨在减少使用动物数量和改进仍在进行的体内实验的工作。

ATLA Alternatives to Laboratory Animals

The use of adverse effect data from animals as the gold standard in regulatory toxicology has a long tradition dating back to the 1960s. It has also been increasingly criticised, based on both scientific and animal welfare concerns, and yet, animal studies remain the gold standard in most areas of toxicology to this very day. In the 1980s, when the first generation of non-animal methods were evaluated as alternatives to animal testing, it was logical to compare the ‘new’ data obtained with historical animal data. This worked reasonably well for simple endpoints, such as skin and eye irritation, but became problematic for the more complex systemic endpoints, since in these cases, the in vivo effects are not directly comparable to those observed in in vitro systems. While the need to redefine the gold standard is not new, there is still no consensus on how to do so. We propose a consistent principle that avoids the need for animal reference data, while also ensuring an equivalent or better level of protection. We argue that the gold standard can be redefined, or rather bypassed, by focusing on risk management outcomes rather than the outputs of animal methods. This allows us to more efficiently protect human health and the environment, ensuring the safe use of chemicals while also identifying less hazardous chemicals for use as substitutes. We describe how this might work out for two main contexts of use: classification and labelling, and risk assessment. This has implications for the implementation of the EU Commission Roadmap toward the phasing out of animal testing in chemical safety assessments.

Andrew P. Worth

Elisabet Berggren

Pilar Prieto

Alternatives to Laboratory Animals

Chemicals 2.0 and Why We Need to Bypass the Gold Standard in Regulatory Toxicology

化学品2.0与为何我们需要绕过监管毒理学中的金标准

Judith C. Madden

Altern Lab Anim

Editorial

社论

The acquisition of skills to perform an ovariohysterectomy (OVH) is crucial for veterinary medicine students. It has been demonstrated that the most effective way to develop these skills is through repetitive training on simulators. Unfortunately, commercial simulators are expensive, limiting their use and highlighting the need for the development of more cost-effective alternatives. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a low-cost, easily constructed textile-based simulator for the canine ovaries and uterus in training veterinary students on the OVH technique. The impact of tutor guidance on student learning was also assessed. Participants were divided into two groups: simulator and tutor guidance (SG) and simulator only (SO). Each student performed 20 repetitions of the three-clamp OVH technique, and the number of errors and execution time were quantified. The SG group reached the learning curve plateau in terms of minimum errors on the 7th repetition and attained the fastest time on the 6th repetition. The SO group reached the learning curve plateau in terms of minimum errors and attained the fastest time both on the 15th repetition. From individuals in the SG group, there were no requests for tutor guidance from the 11th attempt. This low-cost simulator is ideal for training veterinary students in the early stages of surgical learning, as it effectively facilitates learning the OVH procedure without the use of live animals.

Melissa García González

Juan José Pérez Rivero Cruz y Celis

Ivonne Michelle Heuze de Icaza

Ángel Raymundo Lozada Gallegos

Assessment of a Low-cost Canine Uterine Simulator as a Tool for Teaching the Ovariohysterectomy Technique to Veterinary Students

评估低成本犬子宫模拟器作为教授兽医学生卵巢子宫切除术技术的工具

In Mexico, there are no official public and reliably reported data on the total number and species of non-human animals used for scientific purposes. The aim of the current study was to calculate the total numbers of animals used for scientific and educational purposes in Mexico, from January 2015 to October 2021, based on data requested from the National Institute of Transparency, Access to Information and Protection of Personal Data (INAI, in Spanish). In this period, authorised laboratory animal facilities reported the use of 5,437,263 animals for scientific and educational purposes. However, these data should be viewed with caution, since there is no official register of all Mexican institutions that use animals for these purposes. The use of various species of different taxonomic groups was reported, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates. The main scientific purposes of this animal use were: technological development; innovation; laboratory testing; production of biologicals; quality control; diagnostic purposes; basic and applied research; and education. A robust system for the licensing and approval of animal use, as well as a means to ensure compliance with the relevant regulations, are both urgently required. In addition, in order to regulate animal use, monitor animal care and protect their welfare, the creation of a publicly accessible national database that records the number and species of the animals used is imperative.

Patricia Frías-Álvarez

Gustavo Ortiz-Millán

The Numbers of Animals Used in Mexico for Scientific and Educational Purposes

墨西哥用于科学和教育目的的动物数量

Annisa Wening Maharani Putri

Dewi Syahidah

Book Review: Zebrafish Model for Biomedical Research

书评：斑马鱼在生物医学研究中的应用模型

The data on the number of animals used for experimental purposes, with a particular focus on regulatory toxicity studies, in Turkey and EU member states plus Norway (EU+), were compared for the period 2015 to 2020 (UK data after Brexit for 2020 were included too). The total number of listed vertebrates used for regulatory toxicity testing in the full 6-year reporting period in Turkey was 3.6% of that reported for the EU+. However, these numbers showed an increasing trend over the reporting period in Turkey, while the trend decreased in the EU+. In the top three most-used species for regulatory toxicology purposes in Turkey, 41% were fish (68,758 animals), followed by rats (29%; 49,975 animals), and then mice (20%; 33,292 animals). Turkey used low numbers of cats and dogs, while the corresponding number for the EU+ was more than 70-fold higher. Non-human primates were not used at all in Turkey, whereas about 34,000 were used in EU+ laboratories. The majority of toxicity tests (57%) performed in Turkey were categorised as ‘Other’ toxicity tests, and 27% were acute and sub-acute toxicity tests. Successful replacement alternatives (e.g. in vitro and in silico approaches) are already used in a wide range of research areas. However, although this new research and testing paradigm is underpinned by scientific evidence, the legislation and pace of acceptance of these new techniques in Turkey is considerably lagging behind other countries.

Cagri Caglar Sinmez

Aşkın Yaşar

Rene van den Hoven

A Comparison of European Union and Turkish Reports on the Statistics of Experimental Animal Use in Toxicity Testing

欧盟与土耳其毒性测试中实验动物使用统计报告的比较

Nico Dario Müller

A History of the Development of Alternatives to Animals in Research and Testing

动物研究与测试替代方法发展史

短名	Altern Lab Anim
Journal Impact	2.53
国际分区	MEDICINE, RESEARCH & EXPERIMENTAL(Q3)
期刊索引	SCI Q3中科院 4 区

ISSN	0261-1929, 2632-3559
h-index	65
国内分区	医学(4区)医学医学研究与实验(4区)

涉及主题	生物医学计算机科学化学遗传学生物化学心理学政治学内科学工程类
出版信息	出版商: FRAME，出版周期: Bimonthly，期刊类型: journal，开源期刊: 否
基本数据	创刊年份: 1994，原创研究文献占比: 79.31%，自引率:8.30%， Gold OA占比: 18.31%
平均审稿周期	网友分享经验：>18周，或约稿
平均录用比例	网友分享经验：容易

ATLA Alternatives to Laboratory Animals

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Chemicals 2.0 and Why We Need to Bypass the Gold Standard in Regulatory Toxicology

Editorial

Assessment of a Low-cost Canine Uterine Simulator as a Tool for Teaching the Ovariohysterectomy Technique to Veterinary Students

The Numbers of Animals Used in Mexico for Scientific and Educational Purposes

Book Review: Zebrafish Model for Biomedical Research

Editorial

Assessment of a Low-cost Canine Uterine Simulator as a Tool for Teaching the Ovariohysterectomy Technique to Veterinary Students

Chemicals 2.0 and Why We Need to Bypass the Gold Standard in Regulatory Toxicology

A Comparison of European Union and Turkish Reports on the Statistics of Experimental Animal Use in Toxicity Testing

A History of the Development of Alternatives to Animals in Research and Testing