Biological Wastes

Abstract Four anaerobic fluidised-beds were started-up on a dairy-type effluent of 5000 mg COD litre −1 using different regimes: (a) two-phase; (b) Ca 2+ addition; (c) polymer addition; and (d) control. Substrate removal efficiencies reached 76–92% at 9·4 kg COD −3 day −1 in the two-phase, calcium- and biopolymer-amended reactors. The data suggest that removal efficiency and biomass concentration peaks were variable but mature biofilms, which were dependent on the protocol applied, were developed in the above-mentioned three reactors. Volatile fatty acids concentrations were reflected by intermediary/partial alkalinity variations.

David M.L. da Motta-Marques

Sandra M. Cayless

John N. Lester

Start-up regimes for anaerobic fluidised systems treating diary wastewater

处理乳制品废水的厌氧流化床系统的启动模式

The solid substrate fermentation (SSF) of urea-treated wheat straw (UTWS) with Coprinus fimetarius inoculation under non-sterile conditions can bring about an increase in crude protein, digestability and digestible protein. The significant increase in the chitin and the biomass content of fermented straw correlated with the good growth of the C. fimetarius, which resulted in dry matter loss of 19·32% on day 10 of the SSF. The inoculated mould comprised 65% of the fungal isolates and from among the other native fungi identified, only Aspergillus flavus showed toxin production in pure culture. Hence, the SSF of the UTWS with C. fimetarius, as a two-stage process, can be practised at ambient temperature under non-sterile conditions.

Naresh Kumar

Kishan Singh

Chemical and microbiological changes during solid substrate fermentation of wheat straw with Coprinus fimetarius

小麦秸秆与毛头鬼伞共发酵过程中的化学和微生物变化

Tannins were determined by various chemical and biological methods in 15 agro-industrial by-products. Tannins in terms of total phenols (TP), condensed tannins (CT) and protein-precipitation capacity (PPC) were very high in Acacia nilotica and Theobroma cacao pods, Mangifera indica seed kernel, Panicum miliaceum polish and cakes of Madhuca indica seed and Garcinia indica. The correlation coefficients of PPC (measure of biological activity) with TP (0·81), degree of polymerisation (−0·83) and protein-precipitable phenolics (0·96) were significant (P < 0·05), but that with CT (0·34) was not significant. It is inferred that TP rather than CT contribute significantly towards PPC and that highly-polymerised tannins do not bind proteins as efficiently as the lesser-polymerised ones. The TP and CT were low in pods of Prosopis juliflora and Pithecolobium saman, Cassia tora seeds, cakes of Guizotia abyssinica, Pongamia glabra, Schleichera oleosa, Hevea brasiliensis and Hibiscus cannabinus and Panicum miliaceum bran. The PPC could not be detected in these by-products, suggesting that these nine by-products can be considered safe for incorporation in livestock feed, subject to absence of other deleterious factors.

H.P.S. Makkar

B. Singh

S.S. Negi

Tannin levels and their degree of polymerisation and specific activity in some agro-industrial by-products

一些农产品加工副产品中的单宁含量及其聚合度和特定活性

Feedlot wastes contain the essential elements for plant growth. Effective utilization of feedlot wastes as a source of fertilizer for crops is a function of the nutrient content in the manure, the mineralization rates of the organically combined molecules in the manure, and the cost associated with the management, hauling, and spreading of manure. This study, using simulation approach, evaluates the simultaneous effect of these variables in determining the economic potential of feedlot waste utilization in agricultural production. Least cost manure application is determined for various crops in four rotation systems and for three different nutrient content and mineralization rates. The results show that the cost associated with the management, hauling, and spreading of manure to satisfy the nutrient requirements for the crops considered in the four rotation systems is significantly less than the cost of commercial fertilizer. Depending on the mineralization rate and the rotation system considered, the cost of applying manure ranges between 20 and 35 per cent of the cost of commercial fertilizer. The results also show that the maximum distance of transferring manure from the feedlot to the field that will equate the cost of applying manure with cost of commercial fertilizer ranges between 10·0 to 78·4 km.

A.A. Araji

L.D. Stodick

The economic potential of feedlot wastes utilization in agricultural production

农业生产中饲料废物利用的经济潜力

An anaerobic trickling filter fed with a synthetic medium ( volatile fatty acids mixtures) achieved a steady-state. Organic Loading Rate 5·3kg COD/m3. After 300 days of continuous operation it was subjected to changes in the feed medium to assess the possibility of isovalerate and 2-methylbutyrate degradation. The system was able to treat 6·3g isovalerate/litre day without intermediates accumulation and achieved a higher OLR (10·9 kg COD/m3 day). When 2-methylbutyrate was supplied, 1·4 2-methylbutyrate/litre day together with 4·9 g isovalerate/litre day were satisfactorily treated. Higher concentrations of the former metabolite caused propionate accumulation, even at lower OLR (8·8 kg COD/m3 day).

A. Jimeno

J.J. Bermúdez

M. Cánovas-Diaz

A. Manjón

J.L. Iborra

Degradation of isovalerate and 2-methylbutyrate in an anaerobic trickling filter

厌氧滴滤池中异戊酸和2-甲基丁酸的降解

出版信息	出版商: Elsevier B.V.，出版周期: ，期刊类型: journal，开源期刊: 否
基本数据	创刊年份: 1987，原创研究文献占比: ，自引率:， Gold OA占比:

Biological Wastes

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Start-up regimes for anaerobic fluidised systems treating diary wastewater

Chemical and microbiological changes during solid substrate fermentation of wheat straw with Coprinus fimetarius

Tannin levels and their degree of polymerisation and specific activity in some agro-industrial by-products

The economic potential of feedlot wastes utilization in agricultural production

Degradation of isovalerate and 2-methylbutyrate in an anaerobic trickling filter

Start-up regimes for anaerobic fluidised systems treating diary wastewater

Chemical and microbiological changes during solid substrate fermentation of wheat straw with Coprinus fimetarius

Tannin levels and their degree of polymerisation and specific activity in some agro-industrial by-products

The economic potential of feedlot wastes utilization in agricultural production

Degradation of isovalerate and 2-methylbutyrate in an anaerobic trickling filter