Advances in neurobiology

Microglia are macrophages residing in the central nervous system, where they perform immune surveillance, synaptic remodeling, neurogenesis, and monitor signals arising from brain injuries or potential pathogens.Commonly, rodent models are used for studying microglia because of the available transgenic mouse lines in which specific genetic manipulations are successfully accomplished. However, human and rodents microglia showed significant differences, which are reflected in different morphological and functional properties. These differences are in genetic and transcriptomic, but also in the expression of signaling molecules and age-associated changes.Several strategies are available to study human microglia, as using surgical brain resections from epileptic and tumoral tissues and from post mortem brain samples. In addition, the generation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and the possibility to differentiate them in microglia-like cells provide unique opportunities to compare microglia functions between rodents' and human brain.The use of human ex vivo and in vitro brain models allows the study of human microglia, mimicking in vivo conditions. This will be useful for a better understanding of the real live behavior and functions of microglia in the human brain. This chapter aims to highlight significant similarities and differences between human and rodent microglia in order to re-evaluate mouse models of different human brain disorders, proposing the use of in vitro and ex vivo human brain models.Studies on living human microglia in the brain may help to define divergences from animal models and to improve clinical interventions to treat brain pathologies, using alternatives targets.

Giampaolo Milior

Mariagiovanna Di Chiano

Melanie Morin-Brureau

Adv Neurobiol

Specificities of Living Human Microglial Cells.

活体人小胶质细胞的特性。

The opioid system involves opioid receptors (OPRs) and endogenous opioid peptides.This chapter will focus on the distribution of OPRs in the cardiovascular system, the expression pattern in the heart, the activation by opioid peptides, and the effects of OPRs activation with potential relevance in cardiovascular performance. In the heart, OPRs are co-expressed with beta adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) in the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily, functionally cross-talk with β-Ars and modify catecholamine-induced effects. They are involved in cardiac contractility, energy metabolism, myocyte survival or death, vascular resistance. The effects of the opioid system in the regulation of systemic circulation at both the central and peripheral level are presented. The pathways are discussed under physiological (i.e., aging) and pathological conditions (atherosclerosis, heart failure, essential hypertension, ischemic stress). Stimulation of OPRs not only inhibits cardiac excitation-contraction coupling, but also protects the heart against hypoxic and ischemic injury. An enhanced sensitivity to opioids of endocrine organs and neuronal systems is operative in hypertensive patients. The opioid system can be pharmacologically engaged to selectively mimic these responses via cardiac and nervous signaling. The clinical opportunities for the use of cardioprotective effects of opioids require future investigations to provide more specific details of the impact on cardiac performance and electrophysiological properties.

Cristina Sirbu

The Role of Endogenous Opioids in Cardioprotection

内源性阿片类物质在心脏保护中的作用

The neuronal ongoing electrical activity in the brain network, the neurodynamics, reflects the structure and functionality of generating neuronal pools. The activity of neurons due to their excitatory and inhibitory projections is associated with specific brain functions. Here, the purpose was to investigate if the local ongoing electrical activity exhibits its characteristic spectral and fractal features in wakefulness and sleep across and within subjects. Moreover, we aimed to show that measures typical of complex systems catch physiological features missed by linear spectral analyses. For this study, we concentrated on the evaluation of the power spectral density (PSD) and Higuchi fractal dimension (HFD) measures. Relevant clinical impact of the specific features of neurodynamics identification stands primarily in the potential of classifying cortical parcels according to their neurodynamics as well as enhancing the effectiveness of neuromodulation interventions to cure symptoms secondary to neuronal activity unbalances.

Karolina Armonaite

Livio Conti

Franca Tecchio

Fractal Neurodynamics

分形神经动力学

In this chapter, we review the research that has applied fractal measures to the study of the most common psychological disorders, that is, affective and anxiety disorders. Early studies focused on heart rate, but diverse measures have also been examined, from variations in subjective mood, or hand movements, to electroencephalogram or magnetoencephalogram data. In general, abnormal fractal dynamics in different physiological and behavioural outcomes have been observed in mental disorders. Despite the disparity of variables measured, fractal analysis has shown high sensitivity in discriminating patients from healthy controls. However, and because of this heterogeneity in measures, the results are not straightforward, and more studies are needed in this promising line.

Sergio Iglesias-Parro

Maria Felipa Soriano

Antonio José Ibáñez-Molina

Advances in Understanding Fractals in Affective and Anxiety Disorders

情感与焦虑障碍中分形研究进展

Physical exercise is often cited as an important part of an intervention for depression, and there is empirical evidence to support this. However, the mechanism of action through which any potential antidepressant effects are produced is not widely understood. Recent evidence points toward the involvement of endogenous opioids, and especially the mu-opioid system, as a partial mediator of these effects. In this chapter, we discuss the current level of empirical support for physical exercise as either an adjunctive or standalone intervention for depression. We then review the extant evidence for involvement of endogenous opioids in the proposed antidepressant effects of exercise, with a focus specifically on evidence for mu-opioid system involvement.

Colleen Pettrey

Patrick L Kerr

T O Dickey

Physical Exercise as an Intervention for Depression: Evidence for Efficacy and Mu-Opioid Receptors as a Mechanism of Action

体育锻炼作为抑郁症干预措施：疗效证据及μ-阿片受体作为作用机制

This second chapter in our trilogy reviews and critically appraises the scientific evidence for the role of endogenous opioid system (EOS) activity in the onset and progression of both obesity and eating disorders. Defining features of normative eating and maladaptive eating behaviors are discussed as a foundation. We review the scientific literature pertaining to the predisposing risk factors and pathophysiology for obesity and eating disorders. Research targeting the association between obesity, disordered eating, and psychiatric comorbidities is reviewed. We conclude by discussing the involvement of endogenous opioids in neurobiological and behavior traits, and the clinical evidence for the role of the EOS in obesity and eating disorders.

Sylvana Stephano Zuniga

Marcela Rodriguez Flores

Adriana Albu

Role of Endogenous Opioids in the Pathophysiology of Obesity and Eating Disorders

内源性阿片类物质在肥胖和饮食失调病理生理学中的作用

Publication Information	Publisher: Springer Publishing Company，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2014，Proportion of original research papers: 0.00%，Self Citation Rate:N.A.， Gold OA Rate: 0.00%

Advances in neurobiology

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Specificities of Living Human Microglial Cells.

The Role of Endogenous Opioids in Cardioprotection

Fractal Neurodynamics

Advances in Understanding Fractals in Affective and Anxiety Disorders

Physical Exercise as an Intervention for Depression: Evidence for Efficacy and Mu-Opioid Receptors as a Mechanism of Action

The Role of Endogenous Opioids in Cardioprotection

Fractal Neurodynamics

Advances in Understanding Fractals in Affective and Anxiety Disorders

Physical Exercise as an Intervention for Depression: Evidence for Efficacy and Mu-Opioid Receptors as a Mechanism of Action

Role of Endogenous Opioids in the Pathophysiology of Obesity and Eating Disorders