Advances in Alcohol and Substance Abuse

Clonidine attenuates opiate withdrawal syndrome, via reduction in catecholamine activity in the brain, most probably at the locus ceruleus. Clonidine and locus ceruleus lesions, in animals with alcohol dependency as with the opiates, modify alcohol withdrawal. Both alcohol loading and withdrawal from steady alcohol use alter catecholamines in man and animals. Clonidine's potential to treat alcoholics in withdrawal is reviewed. Several double blind studies showed clonidine, or similar analogues, to be somewhat superior to placebo in acute alcohol withdrawal. Major improvements were in pulse, blood pressure and composite alcohol withdrawal scores. Side effects were minor and mainly included mild sedation, or postural hypotension. In the only available published study clonidine compared reasonably well to a standard sedative in alcohol withdrawal, and greatly influential in plasma catecholamine levels. Other components of alcohol withdrawal, as seizures and hallucinations-delirium tremens have not been documented to change with clonidine. The alpha-2-adrenergic agonists in alcohol treatment seemed modestly effective for treatment of some parts of alcohol withdrawal. They represent a promising, novel, but still investigational approach. Additional data, particularly comparing them to the benzodiazepines, are needed before their potential in therapeutics can be assessed.

Paul Cushman

Advances in Alcohol & Substance Abuse

Clonidine and Alcohol Withdrawl

可乐定与酒精戒断

James E. Raper Jr.

Lynn Kasner Morgan

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Chemical Dependency

获得性免疫缺陷综合征与化学依赖

Abstract The effort to prevent further HIV infection for high risk populations has been largely limited, in practice, to health education efforts. Prevention policy must utilize techniques which, in combination with health education efforts, works to decrease behaviors which are implicated in HIV transmission. It is argued taht this approach to prevention will work best if it is designed with an understanding of the conditions under which individuals decline to comply with risk-reduction guidelines. It appears that the use of drugs and alcohol during sexual contact is one such condition. Three prevention strategies are suggested which, in addition to health education efforts, might be used to minimize HIV transmission related to the use of drugs and alcohol during sexual activity among gay men. It is hoped that the approach suggested in this paper for the prevention of further HIV infection might also be adopted to develop prevention strategies for other populations at risk of HIV infection.

Ron Stall

The Prevention of HIV Infection Associated with Drug and Alcohol Use During Sexual Activity

性活动中药物和酒精使用相关的艾滋病毒感染预防

This paper examines trends in the French consumption of alcohol over the last three decades, and includes data on the production of alcoholic beverages, the consumption of different types of alcoholic and non-alcoholic bevarages, morbidity and mortality related to the consumption of alcohol, and a brief description of French preventive and educational measures in this area. In the last 15 years, the average alcohol consumption has ceased growing and even began to decrease. Data are given comparing consumption trends in several European countries, as well as more detailed data of alcohol consumption and related phenomena in France by region, by sex, by age and by socio-economic status (the last two categories for men only). Finally, a schema of the social dynamics of alcohol consumption is presented.

Alphonse d'Houtaud

Hans Adriaanse

Mark G. Field

Alcohol Consumption in France:

法国的酒精消费：

Traditionally, instruction concerning alcohol and drug dependence has been insignificant in medical schools. The Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden, decided to introduce a special course starting in the academic year of 1983-84. It is given 4 times a year and is of a comprehensive nature. It comprises 2 weeks, 1 week of lectures and 1 week of clinical training and is followed by a separate examination. The first 7 course from the fall of 1983 to the spring of 1985 are described and evaluated here. Evidently, the new course is much appreciated by the students and there is also a marked shift in opinion towards a more positive attitude in coping with these problems.

Per Toraker

Ulf S. Rydberg

New Mandatory Course in Alcohol and Drug Dependence for Medical Students at The Karolinska Institute

卡罗林斯卡学院医学新生必修课程：酒精与药物依赖

The erythrocyte membranes from 9 healthy non-alcoholic controls and 8 alcoholic patients (fulfilled DSM-III-R criteria for alcohol dependence) were compared for changes in membrane order as measured by fluorescence polarization. The mean amount of change in fluorescence polarization in response to in vitro exposure to ethanol was significantly less in the alcoholics than controls. This increased membrane order of the peripheral blood erythrocytes suggest the presence of pharmacodynamic tolerance to ethanol in the alcoholic patients.

Norman S. Miller

Increased Membrane Order of Erythrocytes in Alcoholics as Measured by Fluorescence Polarization:

酒精性红细胞膜有序性增加的荧光偏振测量

Based on anthropological evidence, MacAndrews and Edgerton state that drunken comportment consists of "time-out" behaviors, subject to the norms of drinking groups, the rewards of such socially licensed behaviors comprising the drinking motive. This perspective was applied to working-class bars in Middletown, Indiana. Although there was a wide range of behavior by bar, drinker category, and the number of drinks consumed, observed patterns suggest the presence of norms. Dramaturgical styles were also noted and typologized; these styles appear to comprise the acting out of sub-culturally desirable roles. The possibility that alcohol facilitates such activities is suggested by earlier laboratory work on drinking fantasies. Drinking rewards may, therefore, stem from altered states of consciousness rather than social license alone.

Richard A. Bogg

Janet M. Ray

Male Drinking and Drunkenness in Middletown

米德尔敦的男性饮酒与醉酒

The ALKO AA and ANA rats have been selectively bred for high versus low ethanol preference, respectively. AA rats have been shown to self-administer ethanol, whereas ANA rats do not. These animals also show a range of differences on tasks which measure sensitivity to ethanol, but the relationship between ethanol intake and sensitivity to this drug in these rats is not clear. This study examined sensitivity to ethanol in AA and ANA rats as determined by ethanol's rate depressant effects on schedule controlled (Fixed-Ratio (FR) 32) responding reinforced by water deliveries. Non-drug rates of responding were similar for both lines across baseline, sham injection and vehicle conditions. Ethanol produced dose-dependent decreases in responding in both the AA and ANA rats. Dose-response curves indicated that AA rats were slightly more sensitive to the acture effects of ethanol than were ANA rats, with ED50 values of 0.52 and 0.69 g/kg for AA and ANA rats, respectively. Overall, however, the effects of ethanol on rats of responding were similar across the two lines of rats. While it is possible that constraints on behavior imposed by FR schedules could be masking underlying differences in tissue sensitivity between these animals, the results indicate that ethanol intake under preference or reinforceemnt conditions does not appear to be highly controlled by initial sensitivity to ethanol as measured by effects on operant performance.

Frank R. George

Mary C. Ritz

Richard A. Meisch

Rate-Depressant Effects of Ethanol on Fixed-Ratio Responding in ALKO AA and ANA Rats

乙醇对ALKO AA和ANA大鼠固定比率反应的抑制作用

An investigation into the use of psychometric assessment instruments to produce psychographic profiles which proved superior to the use of individual measures on drug accepting versus drug rejecting age generational gaps is appropriate when considering drug and alcohol education programs. Clinical studies show that polydrug abusers have many psychoneurotic and psychopathic traits which can be measured through valid personality tests. Cuevas (1989), employed the Western Personality Inventory (Manson 1963) to identify individuals whose behavior and personality structure indicated they were polydrug users or had serious polydrug problems. The instrument revealed that a combinative process utilizng comparison groups from known polydrug abusers as a discriminant analysis technique with controls provided a high degree of accuracy. A high degree of precision in prediction was maintained in validation trials on independent samples. The personality characteristics and traits were extracted from a combination of commonly ordered personality tests. Results of the investigation indicate that clinical usage of the screening procedure is readily available without sophisticated computer support or the need for trained psychomatricians. Additional results identified the process as interventive, therefore providing a simple way to produce early didactic preventive instruction.

David Cuevas

Psychoneurotic and Psychopathic Personalities of Polydrug Abusers and Effects of Didactic Instruction

多药滥用者的精神神经症和精神病性人格及其对教学指导的影响

Substance Use, Abuse, Addiction and Rehabilitation

物质使用、滥用、成瘾与康复

Publication Information	Publisher: Haworth Medical Press，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 1982，Proportion of original research papers: ，Self Citation Rate:， Gold OA Rate:

Advances in Alcohol and Substance Abuse

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